BEING    A 


TO  THE   ACQUISITION  OF 


Jifraan's 


BY    ELIAS    LONGLEY. 


CINCINNATI: 

LONGLEY  <fc  CO.,  PHONETIC  PUBLISHERS, 

No.  8,  N.  W.  COR.  FOURTH  AND  RACE. 
—  AND    FOB  SALE   BY  — 

Otis  Clapp,  Boston  ;  Fowler  &  Wells,  New  York  ;  John  L.  Capon, 

Philadelphia  ;  Hunt  &  Miner,  Pittsburg  ;  Ingham  &  Bragg, 

Cleveland  ;    G.   B    Keene,  Chicago  j     S.    D.    Newbro, 

Lansing  ;    E.  H.   Spaulding,   St.   Louis  ;   Thos.    L. 

White,  New  Orleans  ;   and  may  be  ordered  of 

Booksellers  generally. 

1861 


Entered  according  to  Act  of  Congress,  in  the  year  1853, 

BY   LONOLEY    BROTHERS. 

In   the   Clerk's  Office  of   the    District  Court  for  the 

Southern  District  of  Ohio. 


/ 


IN  preparing1  this  Manual  of  Phonetic  Shorthand,  the 
author  has  had  one  leading  object  in  view,  namely:  to  fur- 
nish a  means  for  acquiring  speedily  a  correct  and  practical 
knowledge  of  the  much  coveted  art.  The  books  that  have 
heretofore  been  used  have  all  answered  a  good  purpose;  but 
they  have,  with  one  exception  probably,  been  rendered  com- 
paratively obsolete  by  the  introduction  into  the  system  of  two 
or  three  important  improvements.  These  are  incorporated 
into  the  present  work,  by  which  it  is  rendered  a  reliable  and 
permanent  text-book. 

In  one  important  particular  this  treatise  differs  from  all 
others  heretofore  published;  namely,  the  exercises  to  be 
written  by  the  pupil  are  printed  in  phonetic  spelling.*  By 
this  arrangement  three  important  advantages  are  gained: 
First:  the  learner  will  be  made  acquainted  with  the  philoso- 
phy and  utility  of  phonetic  spelling  as  applied  to  printing, 
and  will  generally  be  so  well  pleased  with  it  as  to  become  its 
ardent  advocate.  Second;  in  writing  his  exercises  the  pupil 
will  be  enabled  to  transcribe  the  words  into  Phonography 
more  readily,  for  learners  are  very  apt  to'  be  troubled  by  try- 
ing to  get  as  many  letters  into  their  phonographic  words  as 
the  old  spelling  contains,  and  thus  make  blunders;  and,  from 
inexperience  in  the  analysis  of  words,  there  is  great  liability 
of  inaccurate  vocalization;  but  by  writing  from  the  words 
printed  phonetically  both  of  these  difficulties  will  be  avoided. 
Third:  the  familiarity  with  Phonotypy  thus  acquired  will  also 

*An  edition  is  also  printed,  in  which  the  exercises  to  be  written  are  in 
the  common  spelling,  for  the  accommodation  of  such  persons  as  do  not 
wish  to  give  any  attention  to  phonotypy.  That  will  be  designated  as 
the  Tomanio  edition:  this  as  the  •plionnty;)iei  which,  will  always  be  sent, 
in  filling  orders,  unless  the  other  is  specified. 


IV  PREFACE. 

be  of  service  to  the  phonographic  student  hereafter,  in  ena- 
bling him  to  read  with  ease  such  phonetic  books  and  papers 
as  he  may  meet  with  elsewhere. 

In  support  of  the  utility  of  this  feature  we  might  give  the 
testimony  of  scores  of  phonographic  teachers  and  hundreds 
of  private  learners;  but  the  following  from  Henry  M.  Park- 
hurst,  the  distinguished  Congressional  Reporter,  will  suffice 
here:  "One  phonographer  thoroughly  imbued  with  the  spirit 
of  the  Spelling  Reform,  is  worth  more  than  a  dozen  who 
have  merely  taken  a  course  of  lessons.  Indeed,  I  rather 
think  there  is  more  hope  of  a  man  who  has  never  heard  of 
Phonography,  than  of  one  who  has  learned  it  without  learn- 
ing Phonotypy." 

Another  leading  feature  is  such  an  arrangement  of  the  les- 
Bons  that  no  word,  or  class  of  words,  is  required  to  be  written 
until  the  principle  has  been  explained  by  which  they  are 
written  in  their  most  approved  forms.  By  this  means,  the 
student  is  not  compelled  to  spend  his  time  in  learning  to 
write  certain  words,  and  then  suffer  the  discouragement  of 
having  to  drop  and  forget  the  forms  thus  learned,  and  famil- 
iarize himself  with  new  and  better  ones.  What  is  once 
learned  in  this  book,  remains  a  fixed  fact  with  the  pupil  in  all 
his  after  use  of  the  system.  There  are  hundreds  of  persons, 
who,  having  studied  Phonography  through  what  was  called 
the  "  learner's  style,"  have  not  yet  been  able  to  drop  it  and 
adopt  the  advanced  and  more  practical  style  of  writing;  but 
they  will  have  to  do  it  before  they  can  be  recognized  as  good 
phonographic  writers;  and  the  unlearning  of  their  present 
lengthy  and  awkward  forms  for  words,  added  to  the  new  forms 
they  must  learn,  is  fully  equal  to  learning  the  system  from 
the  beginning. 

In  consequence  of  this  progressive  arrangement,  the  exer- 
cises to  be  written  necessarily  possess  an  imperfect  style  of 
composition.  And  the  words  in  each  exercise  being  confined 
as  much  as  possible  to  the  illustration  of  the  principle  just 
introduced,  readers  necessary  a  resort  to  many  circuitous  ex- 


PREFACE. 


pressions  for  the  development  of  an  idea;  this  harshness  and 
quaintness,  however,  diminishes  as  successive  lessons  are 
mastered. 

The  Review  at  the  close  of  each  lesson  is  a  new  feature, 
and  will  be  of  great  assistance  to  the  teacher,  especially  to 
the  inexperienced,  in  questioning'  his  class  as  to  what  they 
have  gone  over;  it  wi'l  also  be  useful  to  the  private  learner, 
filling  the  place,  almost,  of  an  oral  instructor.  The  questions 
may  be  asked  the  class  either  collectively  or  individually;  the 
latter  is  generally  the  better  way.  It  would  be  well,  as  often 
as  convenient,  to  have  the  pupils  illustrate  their  answers  on 
the  black-board. 

Immediately  following  the  explanation  of  each  new  prin- 
ciple is  a  Reading  Exercise,  embracing,  as  much  as  possible, 
words  illustrative  of  the  preceding  text.  This  is  followed  by 
an  Exercise  for  Writing,  which  should  be  written  before  pro- 
gressing further,  while  the  manner  in  which  the  words  are  to 
be  formed  are  fresh  in  the  mind.  Then,  at  the  close  of  each 
lesson,  is  a  general  Writing  Exercise,  embodying,  beside  the 
principles  just  presented,  all  that  has  previously  been  learned. 
This  should  be  written  by  each  pupil,  during  the  interval  be- 
tween the  meetings  of  the  class;  and  at  the  next  recitation, 
the  pupils  should  exchange  their  manuscripts  with  each 
other,  and  then  read,  each  a  sentence  in  turn,  from  their 
written  exercises.  They  might  then  be  passed  to  the  teacher 
for  his  correction. 

The  author  would  acknowledge  his  indebtedness  to  the 
Plionographic  Class-book  of  ANRREWS  &  BOYLE,  the  first  text- 
book of  the  system  published  in  America,  for  many  of  his 
most  appropriate  illustrations;  and  to  the  Phonographic  In- 
structor, by  JAMES  C.  BOOTHE,  the  more  recent  work  generally 
used,  for  numerous  sentences,  and,  in  a  few  cases,  whole  par- 
agraphs of  exercises  for  reading  and  writing. 

For  the  expression  of  some  of  the  following  "Advantages 
of  Phonography,"  he  is  indebted  to  Prof.  Gouraud,  the  author 
of  a  work  but  little  known,  entitled  " Cosmo- Plumography" 


PHONOGRAPHY  has  been  defined  as  a  philosophical  method 
of  writing  the  English  language,  with  an  alphabet  composed 
of  the  simplest  geometrical  signs,  which  accurately  represent 
the  sounds  of  spoken  words.  It  may  be  written  six  times  as 
fast  as  the  ordinary  longhand,  and  is  equally  legible.  Aside 
from  the  scientific  propriety  of  the  system,  as  made  manifest 
in  the  Introduction  which  follows,  the  following  practical 
advantages  are  worthy  of  consideration: 

1.  To  professors  of  scientific  and  literary  institutions — to 
gentlemen  of  the  bench  or  the  bar — to  legislators  in  the  halls 
of  representation — to  ministers  of  religion — to  lecturers  on 
the  various  arts  and  sciences — it  presents  the  most  invalu- 
able aid,  in  enabling  them  to  arrange,  condense,  and  fix  their 
thoughts,  facts,  arguments  and  proofs,  in  the  briefest  period 
of  time  and  the  shortest  possible  space,  presenting,  in  the 
condensed  schedule  of  a  small  page,  a  full  and  complete  syn- 
opsis of  their  most  elaborate  speeches,  orations,  or  discourses. 

2.  By  its  aid,  the  advocates  in  the  courts  of  justice  or  the 
halls  of  trial,  will  be  enabled  to  write,  with  ease  and  accu- 
racy, either  the  full  depositions  of  important  witnesses,  or  the 
facts,  proofs,  evidences,  and  arguments  of  legal  opponents, 
and  thus  be  in  a  position,  not  only  to  meet  them  with  readi- 
ness and  strength,  but  eventually   to   thoroughly  overthrow 
and  refute  them. 

3.  The  student  in  the  halls  of  science  can  transcribe  with 
faithfulness,  and  preserve  in  the  smallest  compass,  the  valu- 
able lessons  of  professors,  and  thus  preserve,  for  the  medita- 
tion of  his  leisure  hours,  a  connected  whole,  instead  of  broken, 
detached,  and  uncertain  fragments,  that  often  serve  to  con- 
fuse, bewilder,  or  perplex. 

4.  Merchants,  and  clerks  of  mercantile  houses,  to  whom 
time  and  space  are  really  a  desideratum,  will  find  Phonography 
a  most  invaluable  auxiliary;  as  the  ease  with  which  it  can 


ADVANTAGES  OP  PHONOGRAPHY.         Yll 

be  learned  and  acquired,  and  the  facility  and  readiness  with 
which  it  can  be  written  and  read,  will  enable  them  to  tran- 
scribe their  accounts,  to  note  their  memoranda,  to  post  up 
their  bills,  and  even  to  conduct  their  correspondence,  in  less 
than  one-fifth  of  the  ordinary  time,  and  in  a  considerable  re- 
duction of  the  ordinary  space;  and  as  "  time  is  money"  it 
presents  to  them  indeed  a  most  invaluable  gain. 

5.  To  the  author,  editor,  or  general  writer — to  the  orator, 
legislator,  or  minister — how  invaluable  must  it  be,  when  they 
reflect  how    many  of  their  most  brilliant  thoughts  and  most 
glowing  conceptions,  how  many  of  the  most  sparkling  gems 
of  their  imaginations  and  the  most  radiant  pearls   of  their 
thoughts,  that  in  moments  of  genius  and  enthusiasm  flash 
like  electric  sparks  from  the  mind,  are  forever  lost  for    the 
want  of  some  Dagiterrean  process,   like  the  one  we  present, 
to  catch  and  transfix  them  on  the  wing,  recording  them  on 
the  glowing  page  in  all  the  freshness,  vigor,  and  brilliancy  of 
their  first  conception,  as  rapidly  as  they  are  presented  to  the 
mind!  and  for  the  lack  of  which,  alas!  like  the  dazzling  flash 
of  the  evanescent  meteor,  they  fade  and  expire  as  rapidly  as 
they  are  kindled,  and  leave  but  the  indistinct  memory  of  their 
trace  behind. 

6.  A  practical  acquaintance  with  this  art  is  highly  favor- 
able to  the  improvement  of  the  mind,  invigorating  all  its  fac- 
ulties, and  drawing  forth  all  its  resources.     The  close  atten- 
tion requisite  in  following  the  voice  of  the  speaker  (in  report- 
ing) induces  habits    of  patience,  perseverance  and  watchful- 
ness, which  will  gradually  extend,  till  they  form   habits  that 
will  be  found  useful  through  life.     The  close  attention  to  the 
words    and  thoughts   of   the  speaker  which  is  necessary  in 
writing  them  down,  will  naturally  have  a  tendency  to  endue 
the  mind  with  quickness  of  apprehension  and  distinctness  of 
perception,  whereby  the  judgment  will  be  strengthened  and 
the  taste  refined. 

7.  The  memory  is  also  improved  by  the  practice  of  Pho- 
nography.    The  necessity  fur  the  writer  to  retain  in   his 


Vlll  ADVANTAGES   OF   PHONOGRAPHY. 

mind  the  last  sentence  of  the  speaker,  while  he  is  attending 
at  the  same  time  to  what  follows,  and  also  to  penning  down 
his  words,  must  be  highly  beneficial  to  that  faculty,  which  is 
more  than  any  other  improved  by  exercise.  It  draws  out 
and  improves  all  the  faculties  of  the  mind. 

"Phonography,"  says  Messrs.  FOWLERS  &  WELLS,  "we  re- 
gard as  one  of  the  most  important  inventions  of  the  age,  and 
one  which  should  be  open  to  every  person  desirous  of  being 
considered  educated.  As  a  system  of  reporting,  general  cor- 
respondence, and  memoranda,  it  is  unparalleled  in  usefulness. 
In  chirography,  it  is  what  the  telegraphs  are  in  agencies  for' 
transmitting  thought.  We  employ  three  reporters,  one  in 
our  office  and  two  who  travel  with  lecturers  from  our  house. 
In  ten  mimiteawe  can  dictate  an  article  for  publication  which 
we  could  not  compose  and  write  in  two  hours;  besides  it  con- 
tains more  spirit  and  freshness  than  if  labored  through  at  the 
slow  pace  of  ordinary  composition.  Every  scholar  should  by 
all  means  learn  it." 

Professor  HART,  Principal  of  the  Philadelphia  High  School, 
says:  "  Phonography  has  been  introduced  into  this  institu- 
tion two  years  and  a  half,  and  has  been  learned  by  about 
four  hundred.  Two  hundred  are  studying  it  now.  It  is  one 
of  the  regular  branches  of  the  course,  being  attended  to  three 
times  a  week  during  the  whole  of  the  first  year.  Had  I  not 
supposed  it  to  be  of  much  practical  value,  I  should  not  have 
urged  its  introduction,  a  measure  which  I  have  seen  no  occa- 
sion to  regret.  Such  of  our  students  as  have  made  Phono- 
graphic Reporting  a  profession,  have  got  along  in  life  faster, 
by  all  odds,  than  those  in  any  other  kind  of  business,  and 
that  without  the  possession  of  any  special  brilliancy  of  tal- 
ents. Some  of  them,  not  yet  turned  twenty,  are  now  mak- 
ing more  money  by  Phonographic  Reporting  than  the  Princi- 
pal of  the  High  School,  after  having  given  himself  for  more 
than  twenty  years  to  his  profession." 

Said  the  Hon.  Thomas  Benton:  "  Had  this  art  been  known 
forty  years  ago,  it  would  have  saved  me  twenty  years  of 
hard  labor." 

"  It  is  my  humble  opinion  t'uat  it  will  eventually  supersede 
the  present  system  of  writing,  as  the  steam  carriage  train 
supersedes  the  old  eight  inch  wheeled  wagon." — Rev.  Dunbar. 

Such  are  the  tendencies  of  the  art  this  book  is  designed  to 
unfold. 


progress  of  Improvement  —  Within  the  last  hundred 
years  important  changes  have  taken  place  in  almost,  every 
department  of  industry.  The  mechanic  no  longer  seeks  the 
swiftly  running  stream  to  propel  his  machinery,  hut  erects 
his  mill  or  factory  on  ground  the  most  convenient  for  labor 
or  for  market,  and  brings  the  elements  into  subjection  for  the 
performance  of  his  drudgery;  the  stage-coach  horse-power, 
for  locomotion,  is  almost  forgotten  in  consideration  of  the 
iron-boned  steed  hitched  to  the  enormous  wheeled-palace  ; 
the  sea-voyage  of  weary  months  is  now  performed  pleasantly 
in  as  many  weeks,  by  the  application  of  steam  to  navigation; 
and  the  man  of  business  no  longer  waits  the  rapid  trans- 
mission of  thought  by  such  conveyance,  but  communicates 
through  the  length  and  breadth  of  our  wide-spreading  coun- 
try with  lightning  speed. 

Thus  the  genius  of  invention  and  improvement  has  been 
abroad  in  the  land,  and  although  for  a  long  time  she  confined 
her  skill  to  building  steamboats  and  making  railroads,  con- 
structing machinery  and  teaching  the  lightning  how  to  talk, 
she  has  not  altogether  forgotten  the  world  of  intellect;  and 
PHONOGRAPHY,  her  last,  most  promising  and  beneficent  boon, 
presents  to  the  world  an  alphabet  of  letters  so  simple  and 
facile  that  he  who  uses  it  may  readily  keep  pace  with  the 
fastest  speaker, — affording  a  system  of  writing  as  much  supe- 
rior to  that  of  the  old  script  alphabet,  as  railroads  are  to  the 
ancient  truck-wheeled  wagon,  or  the  electric  telegraph  to  the 
post  boy's  plodding  gait. 


10  INTRODUCTION   TO   THE 

"  Our  living  flocks  of  thoughts  need  no  longer  trudge  it 
slowly  and  wearily  down  the  pen  and  along  the  paper,  hin- 
dering each  other  as  they  struggle  through  the  strait  gate  of 
the  old-hand  writing;  our  troops  of  feelings  need  no  more 
crawl,  as  snails  crawl,  to  their  station  on  the  page;  regiment 
after  regiment  may  now  trot  briskly  forward,  to  fill  paragraph 
after  paragraph:  and  writing,  once  a  trouble,  is  now  at  breath- 
ing-ease. Our  kind  and  loving  thoughts,  warm  and  trans- 
parent, liquid  as  nielted  from  the  hot  heart,  shall  no  longer 
grow  opaque,  and  freeze  with  a  tedious  dribbling  from  the 
pen;  but  the  whole  soul  may  now  pcir  itself  forth  in  a  sweet 
shower  of  words.  Phonotypy  and  Phonography  will  be  of  a 
use  in  the  world  not  dreamt  of,  but  by  a  few." — The  Evangel 
of  Love,  p.  231,  by  HENRY  SUTTON. 

We  do  not  wish  to  underrate  the  value  of  the  present  sys- 
tem of  writing;  it  has  been  of  great  service  in  its  time,  hav- 
ing done  much  in  the  way  of  civilizing  and  enlightening  tae 
races  of  men.  But  the  state  of  things  in  the  scientific 
world  demanded  a  change  in  the  character  of  our  written 
language.  Science  is  a  stern  ruler;  her  laws  encircle  every 
art,  and  although  for  a  long  time  they  may  remain  undiscov- 
ered or  not  applied,  yet  as  the  world  progresses  in  knowledge 
and  learns  wisdom  from  experience,  it  will  cause  them  to  be 
developed,  and  future  generations  will  derive  the  advantages 
of  conforming  to  them.  These  facts  have  been  illustrated  in 
the  various  improvements  to  which  we  have  alluded;  and 
they  are  still  to  be  expected  in  such  departments  as  have  not 
yet  undergone  the  remodeling  process  of  modern  ingenuity. 
They  take  their  turn  in  the  great  circle  of  progression;  and 
it  is  the  object  of  the  present  work  to  demonstrate  the  laws 
that  apply  to  the  art  of  writing,  as  required  at  this  stage  of 
the  world's  history. 

The  spirit  of  our  age  demands  two  new  features  in  the  art 
of  writing  :  First,  Speed  in  its  execution-;  second,  System  in  its 
orthography.  In  treating  of  the  first  desideratum  we  shall 


MANUAL    OF    PHONOGRAPHY.  11 

briefly  refer  to   the   alphabet,  now  in  use,  and  the   habits  of 
writing  it  requires. 

£!je  ®li>  gtlpljabd  anb  ©rtljagrapljij. — Like  the  ancient 
implements  of  industry  and  modes  of  labor,  the  alphabet 
of  our  fathers,  was  constructed  at  a  time  when  the  inge- 
nuity of  man  had  not  been  brought  into  full  play.  The 
letters  are  complex,  and  the  use  of  them  cumbersome  in  the 
extreme.  To  illustrate:  take  the  letter  £  for  example;  to 
make  this  letter,  the  fingers  have  to  perform  four  inflections 
or  movements,  while  it  represents  but  a  simple  sound;  in 
making  the  letter  in  seven  inflections  are  required,  while  it, 
too,  represents  but  one  sound;  and  every  letter  of  the  old  al- 
phabet is  thus  complex,  to  a  greater  or  less  degree,  although 
they  are  designed  each  to  represent  but  a  single  sound. 

Now,  while  there  is  this  complexity  in  the  art  of  writing, 
in  spoken  language  the  organs  of  speech  perform  but  one 
movement  in  the  enunciation  of  each  letter;  and  hence  the 
labor  of  the  penman  is  four  or  five  times  as  great  as  that  of 
the  speaker;  while  the  latter  is  moving  off  freely,  as  on  the 
wings  of  the  wind,  the  former  is  trudging  at  the  snail's  pace, 
weary  and  provoked  at  the  contrast. 

The  object  to  be  accomplished,  therefore,  is  to  present  an 
alphabet  each  letter  of  which  can  be  written  by  one  inflec- 
tion of  the  pen,  so  that  the  writer  need  no  longer  be  four 
times  distanced  by  the  moderate  speaker;  and  if  the  reader 
will  follow  us  through  this  book,  he  will  see  that  the  system 
we  are  about  to  develop  more  than  meets  this  requisition. 

But  a  greater  difficulty,  if  possible,  than  the  mere  substitu- 
tion of  a  new  alphabet,  is  to  be  overcome.  The  orthography 
employed  in  using  the  old  alphabet  is  nearly  as  cumbrous  as 
the  formation  of  its  letters;  while  its  want  of  system  makes 
it  a  study  of  many  years  to  memorize  the  spelling  of  the  fifty 
or  eighty  thousand  words  in  our  language. 

Thus,  take  the  sound  of  a;  if  we  had  nothing  to  do,  in  order 
to  represent  it  in  our  common  writing,  but  to  write  the  one 
letter  called  a,  the  evil  would  be  trifling  compared  with  what 


12  INTRODUCTION   TO   THE 

it  is.  But  we  more  frequently  have  to  write  two  or  three,  or 
even  four  letters  to  represent  this  one  sound.  It  has,  in  fact, 
thirty-four  different  modes  o.f  representation,  consisting  of 
various  combinations  of  nine  different  letters,  a  few  only  of 
which  we  have  room  to  exhibit.  Thus,  «a,  as  iu  ^aron;  at, 
as  in  pain;  aig,  as  in  campaign;  aigh,  as  in  strait;  eiglie, 
as  in  weighed,  &c.  Now  common  sense,  as  well  as  the  laws 
of  science,  suggests  that  the  sound  of  a  in  each  and  all  these 
should  be  written  with  the  same  letter.  When  this  shall 
be  done,  more  than  two  thirds  of  the  labor  of  representing 
this  sound  will  be  saved;  but  by  substituting  a  new  letter  that 
can  be  made  with  one  movement  of  the  pen  instead  of  the 
four  that  a  requires,  and  of  the  four  times  four  that  several  of 
the  above  combinations  require,  nine-tenths  of  this  labor  will 
be  avoided.  In  writing  the  sound  a  in  these  five  words,  in- 
stead of  making//^  inflections  of  the  pen,  we  will  have  to 
make  but  five! 

The  sound  of  e  is  represented  in  forty  different  ways.  Ex- 
amples: ea,  as  in  each;  ea-ue  as  in  league;  eye,  as  in  keyed: 
tig,  as  in  sez^nor;  eiyh,  as  in  ILeigh.  We  need  not  repeat  thai 
the  sound  of  e  in  each  of  these  words  should  be  repre- 
sented by  the  same  letter;  or  that  by  substituting  for  the 
complex  letter  e  a  simple  character  that  can  be  made  with 
one  motion  of  the  pen,  seven-eights  or  nine-tenths  of  the  la- 
bor in  writing  would  be  saved.  These  are  facts  that  are  evi- 
dent, after  the  illustrations  are  presented.  And  we  might 
thus  illustrate  the  unscientific  mode  of  representing  nearly 
every  word  in  our  language,  with  equally  formidable  results. 
But  we  will  only  state  the  melancholy  fact,  that  the  various 
sounds  employed  in  speaking  the  English  language  are  each 
represented  in  from  four  to  forty  ways,  and  that  in  the  large 
majority  of  cases  two  or  more  letters  are  required  to  do  the 
service.  It  is  also  true,  that  there  is  no  letter  in  the  alpha- 
bet that  uniformly  represents  the  same  sound;  thus,  a  has  a 
different  sound  in  each  of  the  following  words  :  ate,  at,  ell, 
are,  any. 


MANUAL   OF   PHONOGRAPHY.  13 

The  consequence  of  this  want  of  system  is,  in  the  lan- 
guage of  a  distinguished  writer  on  the  subject  of  education, 
that  "  reading  is  the  most  difficult  of  human  attainments." 
And,  as  a  further  consequence,  one  third  of  the  population  of 
England  are  unable  to  read,  and  one  half  unable  to  write; 
while  in  the  United  States,  the  number  of  adult  white  per- 
sons who  can  neither  read  nor  write,  is  one  to  every  twenty 
who  can;  and  this  wide-spread  ignorance  must  continue  until 
the  rudiments  of  education  are  simplified.  Such  inconsisten- 
cies and  mischievous  errors  as  we  have  referred  to,  are  not 
in  harmony  with  the  developments  of  order  and  science  in 
most  other  branches  of  industry  and  art,  and  hence  they 
must  be  superseded  by  something  truer  and  more  expedi- 
tious; or,  if  not  superseded,  we  must  use  the  more  speedy  and 
economical  system  in  connection  with  the  old,  as  steamboats, 
railroads  and  telegraphs  are  used  conjointly  with  the  old 
modes  of  conveyance. 


rinciple.  —  The  term  Phonetic  is  derived 
from  the  Greek  word  $wq  speech.  A  phonetic  alphabet, 
therefore,  is  one  which,  referring  solely  to  speech,  derives  all 
its  laws  from  a  consideration  of  the  elements  of  speech.  To 
illustrate  what  we  mean  by  the  phrase  "elements  of  speech," 
we  have  but  to  ask  the  reader  to  adjust  his  lips  to  a  round 
position  and  deliver  the  voice  as  he  would  commence  to 
speak  the  words  ode,  oak,  own.  Now  this  same  sound  is  heard 
|  in  thousands  of  words  in  our  language,  and  is  what  we  call 
an  element  of  speech.  Another  element  is  heard  in  the 
commencement  of  the  word  ooee  and  at  the  termination  of 
the  word  who.  In  pronouncing  the  words  see,  say,  saw,  so,  we 
hear,  at  the  beginning  of  each  of  them,  the  same  kind  of  a 
sound,  namely  a  hiss,  which  is  also  an  element  of  speech,  for 
it  frequently  combines  with  other  sounds  to  make  words. 
By  analyzing  all  the  words  in  the  English  language,  it  has 
been  found  that  it  is  constituted  of  but  forty-three  elemen- 
tary sounds;  or,  to  be  more  precise,  thirty-nine  simple 


14  INTRODUCTION   TO   THE 

sounds,  and  four  compound  ones,  formed  by  the  close  union 
of  certain  simple  sounds,  which  it  is  convenient  to  consider 
as  elements.  In  speaking-,  therefore,  our  words  consist 
simply  in  the  utterance  of  one  of  these,  or  a  combination  of 
two  or  more  of  them;  and  in  writing  these  words,  common 
sense  would  suggest  that  each  element  should  be  represented 
by  a  single  letter,  that  should  never  stand  for  any  other 
sound. 

It  is  supposed  the  original  Phoenician  alphabet,  from  which 
our  present  alphabet  is  remotely  derived,  was  phonetic;  that 
is,  it  represented  the  elements  of  speech  in  such  a  manner 
that  when  the  sounds  of  a  word  were  heard  the  writer  knew 
immediately  what  letters  to  use,  and  when  he  saw  the  letters 
he  knew  at  once  what  sounds  he  was  to  utter.  But  when 
this  alphabet  was  adopted  by  the  Greeks  and  Romans,  who 
used  sounds  unknown  to  the  Phoenicians,  many  of  the  old 
letters  were  necessarily  used  to  represent  new  sounds  as  well 
as  old  ones,  so  that  there  was  no  longer  any  very  strict  ac- 
cordance between  the  sounds  and  letters  of  words.  But 
when  other  European  nations,  including  the  English,  adopted 
the  romanic  alphabet,  and  used  it  in  very  different  ways,  inso- 
much that  no  one  could  guess  what  sound  should  be  attributed 
to  any  one  letter,  almost  all  trace  of  the  phonetic  nature  of 
the  alphabet  was  lost.  And  hence  the  deplorable  state  of 
English  spelling  and  writing,  as  depicted  in  previous  pages, 
which,  in  few  words,  is  so  bad  that  no  one  can  tell  the 
sound  of  an  unknown  word  from  its  spelling,  or  the  spelling 
of  a  new  word  from  its  sound. 

Phonetic  spelling,  therefore,  is  no  new  thing,  and  the 
efforts  of  writing  and  spelling  reformers  is  simply  an  attempt 
to  place  the  representation  of  the  English  language  on  the 
same  rational  basis  that  the  most  classic  of  the  ancient  lan- 
guages stood,  and  in  addition  thereto  to  afford  the  means  of 
the  most  rapid  writing  that  it  is  possible  to  attain.  No  fur- 
ther argument,  therefore,  should  be  required,  in  presenting  a 
system  so  accordant  with  truth  and  utility. 


MANUAL   OF   PHONOGRAPHY.  J5 

. — The  word  Phonotypy,  from  the  Greek  $urr], 
speech,  and  rvrtoj,  type,  signifies  the  printing  of  language  by 
types  which  represent  the  sounds  heard  in  speaking;  while 
Phonography,  also  from  jcowy  and  another  Greek  word, 
ygafyrjv,  to  write,  signifies  to  write  by  sound,  or  with  charac- 
ters that  represent  the  sounds  heard  in  speech.  Although  the 
latter  is  the  art  which  this  work  is  specially  designed  to  ex- 
plain, yet  a  knowledge  of  the  former  will  materially  aid  in  its 
acquisition;  and  as  a  sufficient  acquaintance  with  it  may  be 
obtained  in  a  few  minutes'  study,  we  shall  here  present  a 
brief  exposition  of  it. 

The  forty-three  elementary  and  dipthongal  sounds  that  it 
has  been  found  necessary  to  represent  in  a  true  orthography 
of  the  English  language,  are  exhibited  by  the  italic  letters  in 
the  following  words  : — 

eel         earth         ale         air        arm         ell  oak        ooze; 

.  til            ell          am           ask  on  up        wood; 

tee,          oil,         owl,  mwte;  ^ea,  way,      Aay; 

pole,      iowl,      toe,      doe,  cheer,  jeer,  came,      #ame, 

/ear,       veer,      thigh,    thy,       seal,       aeal,  s/iall,      vision, 

rare,       lull;       mum,      nun,       sing. 

Of  course  the  old  twenty-six  letter  alphabet  was  incompe- 
tent to  give  a  character  for  each  of  these  forty-three  sounds. 
And  in  determining  upon  the  introduction  of  new  letters,  two 
important  considerations  presented  themselves  to  the  mind, 
both  grounded  on  the  fact  that  the  romanic  style  of  spelling 
already  existed  in  printed  books,  and  flourishes  \\  herever  our 
language  is  spoken  or  read.  First,  that  .those  who  can  al- 
ready read  romanic  spelling  should  have  very  little  difficulty 
in  acquiring  phonetic  spelling;  and  secondly,  that  those  who 
are  taught  to  read  phonetically  should  find  that  the  greater 
part  of  the  difficulties  attendant  on  the  acquirement  of  ro- 
manic reading  were  then  overcome. 

In  order  to  accomplish  these  two  very  important  objects,  it 
was  necessary  to  use  as  many  of  the  old  romanic  letters  as 


16  INTRODUCTION    TO    THE 

possible,  in  the  senses  which  they  most  frequently  have  in 
the  romanic  spelling  of  English;  and  to  make  the  new  pho- 
netic letters  suggest  the  letters  or  combinations  of  letters 
which  are  most  frequently  employed  to  express  their  sounds 
romanically. 

The  grand  object  was  to  make  English  reading  easy — not 
merely  in  phonetic  but  also  in  romanic  spelling,  in  order  that 
the  large  number  of  books  already  printed  should  be  still  use- 
ful, or  rather  should  be  made  useful  to  those  to  whom  they  are 
at  present  useless — the  book-blind,  those  who  cannot  read. 
Tfiis  has  been  effected.  Not  only  is  phonetic  reading  so  easy  to 
those  who  read  romanically  that  few  find  any  difficulty  in 
the  matter  at  all,  but  those  who  have  only  learned  to  read 
phonetically  occupy  the  same  position  in  regard  to  romanic 
reading. 

Out  of  the  twenty-six  romanic  letters,  three,  c,  q,  x,  have 
been  rejected.  The  fifteen  consonants, 

bdfhjlmnprtvwyz 

are  used  in  their  usual  romanic  sense;  that  is,  in  the  sense 
which  the  English  romanic  reader  would  naturally  expect 
them  to  have  in  any  new  word,  as  they  are  pronounced  at  the 
beginning  of  the  romanic  words, 

bed,       deed,      /it,      7*ead,       jest,       lull,      wan,        nun, 
j?eep,        rare,     toe,       vote,       woe,       yes,        zeal, 

The  five  vowels,  a,  e,  i,  o,  w,  and  the  remaining  three  con- 
sonants Te,  g,  a,  are  to  be  pronounced  as  at  the  beginning  of 
am,  egg,  in,  on,  «p,  kite,  get,  sup. 

New  letters  have  been  invented  for  the  sounds  expressed 
by  the  italic  letters  in  the  under-written  words  in  the  follow- 
ing table: 

£  e  Be  ft  a  &  q,  Hq  (la  9e  Oo  (Da>  Uu  3<j 
eel  earth  age  air  arm  ask  all  oak  ooze  foot  ice 

ere  is*    FH,    e<3     Rt     ad     sj     s3     ug 

oil      owl       rm/le     catcA      thin      thine      she      vision      sing 


ffl*  i&jonuiu  JprtahL 

The  letter               is  always              The  letter                 is  always 

written 

printe( 

sounded  as 

written    printec 

sounded  as 

0V 

8  e 

ee  as  in  eel 

<^/ 

Pp 

jO    as  in  POjOe 

/? 

E  e 

ea  .  .  earth 

0B4 

Kb 

/5    .  .  ro^e 

cZ& 

a  a 

a    ..ale 

^  t 

Tt 

/                  TQ  ro 

(•         •  •      J.  cl  t  o 

jf<% 

&  q, 

a    ..air 

£&e£ 

D  d 

fi?   .  .  fade 

^/(£ 

Hq 

a    .  .  arm 

$  ty 

©  q 

c^  .  .  etc/i 

&0> 

09 

a    .  .  all 

// 

Jj 

g    .  .  edye 

&hz 

O  o 

o    .  .  ope 

c//2  fl 
tx?b  *& 

Kk 

k   .  .  lock 

tf)W' 

(Do) 

oo  .  .  food 

*%? 

Gg 

g   .  .  loy 

6    e 

I  i 
E  e 

*    ..  all 
e    ..ell 

*•/ 

ty  V 

Ff 
Vv 

/..  sa/e 
v  .  .  saye 

v^^ 

A  a 

a,    ..  am 

Bti 

M  .  .  wreaM 

&<z 

da 

a   .  .  «  sk 

&$ 

3d 

M  .  .  wrea^e 

@° 

0  o 

o   .  .  odd 

^^ 

Ss 

s  .  .  buss 

l&U 

U  u 

u   .  .  up 

^^ 

Z  z 

z  .  .  buzz 

iota 

Uu 

oo  .  .  foot 

§y 

EJ 

c  .  .  vicious 

dff 

rp        1 

i    .  .  zsle 

%& 

x  3 

s  .  .  vision 

&& 

CTo- 

oi  .  .  oa'l 

*&4~ 

IS* 

QUO  .  .  owl 

0&P 

Rr 

r  .  .  for 

fy% 

Un 

u    .  .  mule 

&t 

LI 

/  .  .  fa// 

Ci3/ 

//  ty 

Yy 

J]             'Z/6£l 

J&m 

Mm 

m  .  .  seem 

<yA* 

Ww 

w   ..  way 

JP* 

N  n 

n  .  .  seen 

&&  -to, 

Hh 

h    ..  7*ay 

WV* 

ng.  .  sing 

18  INTRODUCTION    TO    THE 

On  the  preceding  page  the  whole  alphabet  is  presented, 
systematically  arranged;  first,  the  long  vowels;  second,  the 
short  vowels;  third,  the  compound  vowels;  fourth,  the  liquids; 
fifth,  the  consonants.  In  this  respect,  unimportant  though 
it  may  seem,  the  new  alphabet  is  an  improvement  on  the  old 
—  which  is  little  more  than  a  string  of  confusion  —  here  a 
vowel  and  there  a  vowel,  a  consonant  here  and  another  there. 

In  addition  to  the  priming  letters  of  the  phonetic  alphabet, 
the  longhand  script  characters  are  presented.  It  will  be  ob- 
served, that  the  old  letters  are  retained  in  their  usual  sense, 
and  new  ones  introduced,  having  resemblance  to  their  cor- 
responding printed  letters,  and  of  as  easy  formation  as  possi- 
ble. This  alphabet  is  used  by  all  practical  Spelling  Reform- 
ers, where  the  phonetic  shorthand  could  not  be  read  by  the 
person  for  whom  the  writing  is  done;  for  phonetic  longhand 
may  be  read,  with  very  little  hesitation,  by  all  who  can  read 
the  old  manuscript.  And  the  writer,  in  addition  to  the  satis- 
faction of  employing  a  scientific  orthography,  economizes 
twelve  per  cent  of  his  paper  and  time,  by  dispensing  with 
double  letters,  etc. 


ljjr.  —  Phonography  being  intended  for  the  pen 
alone,  and  the  principal  object  being  rapidity  of  execution, 
with  a  reliable  degree  of  legibility,  considerable  license  is 
taken  as  regards  strictly  phonetic  principles.  It  cannot  be 
said  of  phonetic  shorthand  that  "no  sound  must  be  represent- 
ed by  more  than  one  sign,"  and  that  "no  sign  must  represent 
more  than  one  sound."  The  reverse  of  this  statement  is  true 
in  frequent  instances;  but  not  in  such  a  way  as  materially  to 
impair  the  scientific  accuracy  of  the  system.  In  point  of 
utility  there  are  great  advantages  derived  from  having  two  or 
three  forms  to  represent  certain  sounds,  and  no  serious  dis- 
advantage. 

The  simplest  signs  which  it  was  possible  to  obtain  for  the 
phonographic  alphabet,  are,  1st,  the  dot;  2d,  the  dash;  3d,  the 
straight  li,ie;  4th,  the  curve.  The  dots  and  dashes  are  used  to 


MANUAL   OF   PHONOGRAPHY.  19 

represent  the  vowels;  the  straight  lines  and  curves  represent 
the  consonants.  The  following  diagrams  exhibit  the  source 
from  which  the  latter  are  derived,  and  show  the  different  posi- 
tions they  occupy  in  representing  different  letters. 


It  will  be  observed  that  the  straight  line  assumes  four  dif- 
ferent positions,  and  the  curved  one  eight;  these  are  as  many 
positions  as  can  be  recognized  without  danger  of  confusion; 
and  these  two  simple  characters  can  be  written  in  these 
twelve  positions  so  as  to  be  just  as  distinct  and  legible  as 
though  this  number  of  differently  shaped  letters  were  em- 
ployed. Here,  now,  we  have  the  means  of  representing 
twelve  consonant  sounds;  but  since  in  writing  we  can  make 
either  light  or  heavy  marks,  this  number  may"  be  doubled  by 
recognizing  the  same  number  of  heavy  straight  lines  and 
curves. 

While  it  is  found  necessary  to  make  each  of  the  primitive 
characters  heavy,  in  order  to  obtain  a  sufficient  number,  it  is 
also  found  a  useful  and  philosophical  method  of  distinguish- 
ing between  the  natures  of  different  sounds.  Thus,  eight  of 
the  sounds  which  these  characters  are  to  represent  are  mere 
whispers,  produced  by  the  transition  of  the  organs  of  speech, 
from  one  position  to  another,  or  by  the  simple  contact  of  dif- 
ferent parts  of  the  mouth,  without  any  vocal  sound ;  and 
there  are  eight  others  made  in  the  same  manner,  but  they 
have  in  addition  a  slightly  roughened  for  vocal  sound,  which 
require  a  greater  effort  to  produce  them. 

To  follow  nature,  therefore,  and  preserve  a  correspondence 
between  signs  and  sounds,  the  light  signs  are  made  to  repre- 
sent the  light  or  whispered  sounds,  and  the  heavy  signs  to  re- 
present the  heavy  sounds.  Thus,  both  the  difference  between 
the  sounds  and  their  resemblance  are  at  once  represented. 


20  INTRODUCTION   TO   THE 

And  it  being  BO  natural  to  represent  a  light  sound  by  a  light 
stroke,  and  a  heavy  sound  by  a  heavy  stroke,  the  phono- 
graphic pupil  finds,  after  a  little  practice,  that  he  makes  the 
difference  in  the  strokes  without  any  thought  about  it  But 
the  similarity  of  sound  between  the  heavy  and  light  strokes 
is  so  great  that,  if  at  any  time  the  difference  in  the  thickness 
o£  the  lines  is  not  clearly  made,  it  will  not  seriously  affect 
the  legibility  of  the  writing  to  the  experienced  phonogra- 
pher.  Thus,  for  example,  if  the  word  Sinsiwti  were  written 
so  as  to  be  pronounced  Zinzinadi,  the  reader  could  hardly 
mistake  the  intention  of  the  writer. 

THE  CONSONANTS  are  classified  as  follows: — 
1.  ABRUPTS. — These  elements,  sometimes  called  explo- 
dents,  are  produced  by  a  total  contact  of  the  organs  of 
speech,  abruptly  interrupting  and  exploding  the  outward 
passage  of  the  breath,  or  the  voice.  They  are  eight  in 
number,  and  being  stiff,  unyielding  sounds,  are  appropriately 
represented  by  the  eight  straight,  unyielding  right  lines,  as 
illustrated  in  the  following  table, — the  italicized  letters  of 
the  words  indicating  the  sounds  represented  : 

Whispered,      \rope,           |  fate,      /etch,             loci. 
Spoken,  \  ro&e,          J   fade,      /  edge,     lo^. 

By  a  little  observation  in  comparing  the  sound  of  p  with 
that  of  b,  in  the  words  rope  and  robe,  the  distinction  of  whis- 
pered and  spoken,  or  light  and  heavy,  will  be  appreciated.  As 
far  as  articulation,  or  the  contact  of  the  organs  of  speech  is 
concerned,  the  consonants^)  and  6  are  identical;  the  sound 
of  the  former,  however,  is  produced  by  the  breath  only, 
while  the  latter  requires  the  assistance  of  the  voice,  which 
commences  before  the  lips,  the  organs  by  which  the  articula- 
tion is  produced,  are  disconnected.  The  same  remarks  apply 
to  each  of  the  other  pairs  of  abrupts,  as  the  reader  will  dis- 
cover by  speaking  the  illustrative  words  in  connection. 


MANUAL   OF   PHONOGRAPHY.  21 

2.  CONTINUANTS: — The  organs  of  speech  are  in   contact 
in  the  production   of  these  elements,  yet  not  so  firmly    as 
to  totally  obstruct  the  passage  of  breath,  or  voice;  but  the 
sounds  may  be  continued  any  length  of  time.     There  are, 
also,  eight  of  these  elements — half  of  them  whispered   and 
half  spoken;  and  as  they  are  of  a  flowing,  yielding  nature, 
they    are  appropriately  represented    by  curved  and   flowing 
signs;  thus: 

Whispered,      \^_  safe,         (  wre&th,         j  buss,      _J  vicious. 
Spoken,  \^  save,         (    wreathe,        J   buzz,      ^  vision. 

3.  LIQUIDS: — These  are  r  and  I,  and  are  called  liquids  be- 
cause they  readily  run  into  or  unite  with  other  consonant 
sounds.     They    are  not  distinguished  by    any  variation   of 
sound,  as  the  abrupts  and  continuants,  and  are  represented  by 
light  curves;  thus: 

f~  fall,  for.  ~^ 

4.  NASALS: — The  sounds  of  m,  n  and  ng,  are  called  nasals 
from  the  fact  that  the  organs  are  brought  in  complete  contact, 
and  the  voice  driven  through  the  nose.     The  m  and  n  are 
represented  by  the  two  remaining  light  curves,  and  ng  by  the 
heavy  curve  corresponding  to  n,  as  being  nearly  related  to 
that  sound;  thus: 

/^~>  seem,  v. >  seen,  N — *•  sm^ 

5.  COALESCENTS: — Y  and  10  hold  a  medial  character  be- 
tween the  vowels  and  consonants;  w  being  a  weak  sound  or 
modification  of  G)  (oo),  and  y  a  modification  of  £  (ee).     They 
never  occur  in  English  except  before  a  vowel,  with  which 
they  closely  coalesce.     The  following  are  their  phonographic 
signs,  and  th,e  words  illustrating  their  powers. 

"\  way,  (     yes.. 


22  INTRODUCTION   TO   THE 

6.  ASPIRATE  : — The  power  of  h  is  simply  a  breathing  up- 
on the  following  vowel,  and  is  generally  represented  by  a 
light  dot  placed  before  the  vowel;  but  a  consonant's  form 
is  sometimes  needed,  which  is  written  thus:  S  h. 

VOWEL  ARRANGEMENT:* — In  order  to  represent  twelve 
vowel  sounds  by  the  two  signs,  a  dot  and  a  dash,  a  scheme 
similar  to  that  of  representing  musical  sounds  by  the  round 
note  is  resorted  to.  As  the  vowels  rarely  occur  except  in 
connection  with  a  consonant,  they  are  indicated  by  the  posi- 
tion in  which  the  dot  or  dash  is  placed  to  the  consonant 
stroke;  thus,  a  dot  placed  at  the  beginning  of  a  consonant 
represents  the  vowel  £  (ee,)  at  the  middle,  a  (age,)  at  the 
end,  q  (ah;)  the  dash  at  the  beginning  is  6  (awe,)  at  the  mid- 
dle, o  (owe,)  at  the  end,  CO  (oo.)  The  remaining  s\x  vowels 
are  shorter  brief,  as  compared  with  the  foregoing  six,  and  are 
appropriately  represented  by  the  dot  and  dash  in  the  same 
manner,  but  made  lighter;  and  all  that  has  been  said  in  regard 
to  light  and  heavy  consonants  applies  to  the  vowels.  In  the 
following  illustration  the  vowel  signs  are  placed  to  a  dotted 
line  merely  to  indicate  the  position  of  the  dot  and  dash;  it  is 
no  part  of  the  vowel.  The  italic  letters  in  the  accompany- 
ing words  suggest  the  vowel  sounds: 

*j  eel,        •'  ale,         J  arm,       |  all,        -j  oak,         |  ooze, 

"!  til,         .!  ell,  !  am,         [  on,         -]  up,          [  wood, 

DIPHTHONGS: — These  being  compound  sounds,  and  all  the 
simple  characters  being  otherwise  disposed  of,  they  are  rep- 

*  For  the  greater  simplification  of  Phonography,  there  is,  ordinarily, 
no  distinction  made  between  the  sound  of  «  in  mercy  and  that  of  e  in 
nwry;  between  a  in  dare,  and  a,  in  date;  nor  between  a  in  fast  and  a  in 
far.  The  signs  for  representing  these  three  sounds  (e,  q,,  and  a,)  together 
with  various  foreign  sounds,  are  provided  on  page  127,  which  may  be 
adopted  by  the  proficient  phonographer,  if  he  wishes  to  be  very  accurate 
in  the  representation  of  spoken  words. 


MANUAL   OF   PHONOGRAPHY. 


23 


resented  by  complex  signs. 
the  following  illustration: 

v  j  t'sle,  Aj  oil, 


They  will  be  understood  by 
.{  owl,  I  new. 


TRIPHTHONGS: — These  result  from  the  union  of  w  with 
each  of  the  above  diphthongs,  which  are  more  convenient  to 
represent  by  single  characters  than  otherwise;  thus: 


1  wine, 


\  qwm't, 


-I  wound. 


ORGANIC  CLASSIFICATION  OP  CONSONANTS. 


la 

C  Wliispered.     \  t 

Abrupts.     I  v  * 

y   Spoken.          \  ^ 

cbirfiti-  J  ^»^^-  V_  f 

uants.     i  Spoken.         V 


Liquids. 

Resonants, 

Ambigues. 


V 


(th) 

C*  ) 


/ch 


In  the  above  division  of  the  consonant  sounds,  reading  in 
columns  downwards,  we  begin  with,  (1)  those  formed  at  the 
lips,  a.sp,  b,f,  &c.,  and  call  them  Labials;  (2)  we  then  go 
back  to  the  region  of  the  tip  of  the  tongue  and  the  teeth, 
where  t,  d,  &c.,  are  formed,  which  class  we  term  Linguo-Den- 
tals,  (tongue-teeth  sounds;)  (3)  then  to  the  hard  palate  or 
roof  of  the  rnouth,  a  little  back  of  the  teeth,  where  we  find 
ch,  j,  sh,  &c.,  which  we  call  Linguo- Palatals;  and,  finally,  to 
the  root  of  the  tongue,  near  the  throat,  where  Jc,  g,  &c.,  are 
formed,  which  we  term  Gutturals,  or  Throat- Sounds. 

A  practical  arrangement  of  the  whole  alphabet,  for  refer- 
ence in  study,  etc.,  will  be  found  on  the  next  page. 


1... 

«I«rtic  »l,t» 

eh 

CONSONANTS. 

\  p   rope 

'V_  f  safe 

I'j 

T   1   fa?Z 

\  b  rooe 

\.  v   save 

1 

^  r   for 

t   fate 

t» 

H 

\    t   wreaf^, 

- 

r^-~^  m  seem 

B 

d   fade 

\    &  -wreathe 

3 

v  x  n   seen 

S3 
M 

/  q    eich 

S5   " 

)    a   buss 

1 

^B    Bin? 

'     j    eo^e 

O 
O 

)    z   buzz 

g   f    >  w  way 

jC      lOCftJ 

_J  I   vicious 

!< 

^^ 

y   wea 

'.  g   log 

^  g    vision 

^   \jf     h   Aand 

VOWELS. 

f  • 
e   eel 

i  til 

I    t'sle 

a   ale 

'      e  ell 

CO 

A             , 

O 

er    otf 

6 

.     q   arm 

H 

a  am 

g 

i  1  - 

Si- 

s 

H?            e    awed 

H 

02 

o  odd 

H 

ft 

A       *     owl 

o  ope 

u  up 

_   a>  fool 

i  _     u  full 

n     H    dwpe 

REMARK.  —  The  above  is  a  tabular  view  of  the  phonetic 

alphabet.     It  shows  the  simplicity  of  the 

characters  em- 

ployed,  as  contrasted  with  the   longhand 

letters  of  the 

old  alphabet.      It  is   placed  in   this  form 

for  occasional 

reference  by  the  student;  to  appreciate  the  beauty  and 

utility  of  its  use,  the  following  course  of  lessons  must 

be  mastered. 

0f 


THE  CONSONANTS  AND  LONG  VOWELS. 

IF  the  student  who  is  desirous  of  acquiring  the  phono- 
graphic art,  has  attentively  read  the  preceding  introduc- 
tion, and  obtained  a  clear  idea  of  the  phonetic  principle, 
he  will  find  no  difficulty  in  mastering  the  course  of  les- 
sons which  follows.  Regular  daily  study  and  patient 
practice  for  a  few  weeks,  will  accomplish  the  object. 

Let  every  paragraph  be  carefully  read  and  compared 
with  the  accompanying  illustrations,  and  every  shorthand 
character  and  exercise  copied,  pronouncing  at  the  same 
time  the  sound  of  the  letter  or  word  aloud. 

Ruled  paper  should  be  used;  even  paper  with  a  double 
ruling,  the  lines  just  wide  enough  apart  to  admit  the 
proper  length  of  the  consonants  between  them,  is  a  great 
advantage,  at  first,  in  enabling  the  learner  to  make  his 
consonants  of  a  uniform  length. 

Until  the  pupil  becomes  familiar  with  the  signs,  a 
pencil  should  be  employed  in  preference  to  a  pen;  after 
which  either  a  pen  or  pencil  may  be  used; — it  should 
be  held  loosely  between  the  thumb  and  second  finger, 
with  the  first  resting  on  top,  as  in  drawing  or  ordinary 
writing;  or,  between  the  first  and  second  fingers,  keep- 
ing it  in  place  by  a  slight  pressure  of  the  thumb, 

"IT*  """(25V" 


26  MANUAL   OF   PHONOGEAPHY. 

A  good  style  of  writing  can  only  be  obtained  by  en- 
deavoring, in  the  commencement,  to  form  the  characters 
with  mathematical  precision.  After  a  little  experience 
in  tracing  the  forms  accurately,  the  learner  will  find  no 
difficulty  in  executing  them  rapidly;  the  attempt  to  write 
swiftly  at  first,  on  the  other  hand,  will  not  only  delay  the 
attainment,  but  lead  to  ungraceful  and  illegible  writing. 

Let  the  pupil  now  take  his  pen  or  pencil,  and  go 
through  the  list  of  consonants,  writing  them  as  on  the 
following  page,  speaking  at  the  same  time  the  power  of 
each  letter;  and  carefully  observing  the  light  and  heavy 
character  of  the  signs,  and  their  proper  length. 

1.  Commence  the  strokes  so  that  when  of  the  proper 
length  they  will  rest  on  the  line  of  writing.     The  con- 
aonants  should  be  written  about  the  size  of  those  given 
in  these  pages;  and  particular  attention  should,  at  first, 
be  observed  in  writing  the  curved  thick  letters,  making 
them  thick  in  the  middle  only,  and  tapering  to  a  light 
line  toward  each  extremity. 

2.  The    perpendicular  and  inclined   consonants  are 
written  from  the  top  downward,  as  \p,     \t,  ~^\r;  the 
horizontal  ones  are  written  from  left  to  right;  as k, 

^~~^  7)1,  v stl. 

3.  The  letter  f~  I,    when   the  only  consonant  in  a 
word,  is  always  written  upward;  at  other  times  it  may 
be  written  either  upward  or  downward,  as  is  most  con- 
venient. 

4.  The  ^y  s&  is  always  written  downward  when  the 
only  consonant  in  a  word,  and  either  downward  or  up- 
ward at  other  times. 

5.  The   aspirate  f    h   is    written  upward  under  all 
circumstances. 


ON    WRITING  THE    CONSONANTS. 


27 


EXERCISE    ON    THE    CONSONANTS. 

P,  B  \\  \\  \\  \\  \\  \\  \\ 


T,  D 

Ch,  J  // 

K,  a . 

F,V 


I     I     I 


s,  z  ))  ))   ))  ))   })   ))   )) 

Sh,ZhjV  JJ  JJ  JJ  JJ  JJ  JJ 


^   ^   >   ^   ">   ^ 

r  r  r  r  r  r 
/////•/, 


28  MANUAL   OF  PHONOGRAPHY. 

COMBINATIONS  OF  CONSONANTS. 

6.  In  commencing  to  write  a  word,  the  first  thing 
the  learner  has  to  do  is  to  pronounce  it  slowly,  and 
ascertain  what  are  the  elementary  sounds  of  which  it  is 
composed,  and  then  write  the  consonant  signs,  as  here- 
tofore directed,  without  lifting  the  pen  till  all  are  written. 

7.  When  the  first  consonant  to  be  written  requires  a 
downward  stroke,,  it  is  commenced  its  length  above   the 
line  of  writing  and  struck  to  the  line,  and  if  a  downward 
stroke  follows,  it  is  carried  on  below  the  line;  thus,  ^ — 
pd,  --(^-dp;  if  the  first  consonant  is  a  horizontal  stroke, 
and  a  down-stroke  follows,  it  is  written  above  the  line 
and  the  second  one  carried  to  it;    thus,      )  kd,     /  nch; 
but  if  an  up-stroke  sign  follows  the  horizontal  the  latter 
should  be  written  on  the  line;    ihu3,^_^~ml,        f  kl. 

8.  When  a  straight  consonant  follows  another  of  the 
same  kind,  the  two  are  written  by  a  stroke  double  the 
usual  length;  as  ~~      ~~  Jck,  ^\^  pp. 

9.  In  reading  the  consonants  in  a  word,  they  must 
of  course  be  uttered  in  the  order  in  which  they  were 
written;  thus,  for  example,  in  reading  "/^  the          must 
be  read  first,  because  it  is  evident  it  was  written  first,  as 
the  writer  could  not  have  begun  at  the  angle  and  written 
the  /  and  then  gone  back  and  written  the         ,  without 
violating  the  rule  requiring  the  skeleton  of  a  word  to 
be  written  before  lifting  the  pen;  and  he  could  not  have 
begun  at  the  bottom  of  the   // ,   and  written  it  upwards 
and  then  the  ""  '  backwards,  without  violating  the  two 
rules,  that  ch  is  to  be  written  downwards  and  n  from 
left  to  right. 

It  sometimes  happens  that  a  consonant  which  seems 
to  be  farther  along  than  another  in  the  line  of  writing, 


CONSONANT   COMBINATIONS. 


29 


must  be  read  first;  as  *J  ;  but  from  the  fact  that  /  is 
always  to  be  written  downward,  we  know  the  letters  are 
to  be  readJZ  and  not  Ij.  By  a  little  observation  of  this 
kind  the  learner  will  soon  see%*at  a  glance,  and  without 
thought,  how  any  word  is  to  be  read. 

The  exercise  which  follows  should  first  be  read,  tracing 
the  characters  with  a  pointer;  in  doing  which  either  the 
powers  of  the  letters  may  be  used,  as  t  &,  k  t,  p  &,  &c., 
or  the  names,  te  ka,  ka  te,  pe  ka,  &c.;  in  class  teaching 
the  latter  method  is  the  best,  after  having  drilled  the 
learners  well  in  speaking  the  simple  powers  of  the  alpha- 
bet. After  reading  the  exercise  in  this  way,  it  should 
be  neatly  copied  with  pen  or  pencil,  and  again  read. 


EXERCISE  ON  CONSONANT  COMBINATIONS. 


L   1 


u 


\\s  s 


V7 


30  MANUAL   OF   PHONOGRAPHY. 


LONG  VOWELS. 


•i  i  r-        —  i  i 

Is         'ia         .iq,  je         Ho        jo> 

as  in      eat,         ape,         arm,          awl,          oak,         ooze. 

10.  The  above  table  illustrates  the  manner  of  writing 
the   six  long  vowels.       The  dotted  line  represents  the 
length  of  any  consonant,  to  which  the  vowel  sign,  (the 
dot  or  dash,)  may  be  written  in  either  of  three  places, 
the  beginning,  middle  or  end. 

11.  The  heavy  dot  at  the  first  place,  or  beginning  of 
any  consonant,  is  always  £>   at  the  second  place,  or  mid- 
dle, 8;  at  the  third  place,  or  end,  #.      The  heavy  dash 
at  the  first  place  is  Q;   at  the  second  place  G);    at  the 
third  place  CO. 

12.  The  proper  sounds  of  these  dots  and  dashes,  in 
their  several  positions,  should  be  well  memorized.     They 
may  be  designated  thus:  —  €  is  the  first  place  heavy  dot; 
fif  is  the  second  place  heavy  dot;    (I  is  the  third  place 
heavy  dot;   &  is.  first  place  heavy  dash;   G  is  the  second 
place  heavy  dash;  (D  is  the  third  place  heavy  dash. 

13.  In  vocalizing  the  consonants,  that  is,  in  placing 
the  vowels  to  them,    they  should  be  written  near  the 
strokes,  but  not  so  that  they  Will  join;  thus,     ^.  eve, 
*\  pay,  'T^  may;  the  dashes  should  be  written  at  right 

^  i  i 

angles  with  the  consonants;  as,  \  paw,  ^X  show,  |_  too. 

14.  If  we  wish  the  vowel  to  be  read  first,   we  place 
it  before  or  above  the  consonant;   thus,    |  eat,  ^  ape, 
s~^  aim,      i     oak;  if  we  wish  it  to   be  read    after   the 
consonant,  we  write  it  after  or  below  the   stroke;  thus, 

N£  bow,   ^  hay,  ^/  shoe. 

15.  The  rule  for  placing  and  reading  the  vowels  is, 
that  the  first  place  is  at  the  end  where  the  pen  began 
writing  the  consonant;  thus,  see  the  L-line  in  the  follow- 


EXERCISE    ON    THE    LONG    VOWELS.  31 

ing  exercise,  where  f  being  written  upward,  S  and  B 
are  placed  at  the  lower  end,  and  <l  and  00  at  the  top; 
<r  must  be  vocalized  in  the  same  manner. 

The  following  exercise  should  be  read  over  frequently, 
till  the  learner  acquires  the  correct  sounds  of  the  vowels 
and  their  eonsecutive  order.  He  will,  at  the  same  time, 
become  familiar  with  many  of  the  consonants.  The 
sounds  of  the  vowels  are  indicated  by  key-letters  at 
the  top  of  each  column;  and  each  line  is  preceded  by 
the  type  letter  of  the  consonant  employed  in  the  line. 

EXERCISE     ON    THE    LONG    VOWELS. 

VOWELS     FOLLOWING     CONSONANTS. 

8  a  Q,         e  oco 


T 


L  c     r    r 

~M  ___ 


VOWELS    PRKCEDINS    CONSONANTS. 


T 

K      . 

B      "S 


32 


MANUAL   OF    PHONOGRAPHY. 


READING     LESSON,     WITH    A    KEY. 

In  the  following  exercise  the^learner  has  a  key  to 
assist  him  in  decyphering  the  phonographic  construction 
of  words.  It  should  be  well  studied,  preparatory  to 
reading  and  writing  the  exercises  which  follow. 


te 


r 


te 


1-      to 


I 


mol 


mek 


mak 


rem 


rom 


After  the  exercise  has  been  read  once  or  twice,  it  is 
a  good  plan  to  lay  a  strip  of  paper  over  the  key,  and 
read  without  the  aid  of  the  printed  words.  Then  re- 
verse the  process:  laying  the  strip  of  paper  over  the 
phonographic  words,  and  write  them  from  memory  of 
their  form,  or  knowledge  of  their  construction. 


'ON    VOCALIZING.  33 


In  reading  the  following  exercise  the  learner  must  re- 
ly on  his  own  knowledge.  If  he  fails  in  remembering 
the  consonants,  he  will  have  to  turn  back  to  page  27  to 
refresh  his  memory;  and  if  the  sounds  of  the  vowels  are 
forgotten,  page  30  will  assist  him. 

HEADING  EXERCISE  I. 


r  ?  j*  c  *~  i  •) 
\  i-  r  --  ^  ^  -i  .*- 
\  r  /*  c  )'  c  "V  "i 


ON    VOCALIZING. 

16.  In  vocalizing  the  consonant  of  a  word,  the  first 
thing  to  be  done  is  to  ascertain  whether  the  vowel 
to  be  written  is  a  dot  sign  or  a  dash  sign;  and,  secondly, 
what  place  to  the  consonant  it  should  occupy. 


34  MANUAL   OF   PHONOGRAPHY. 

17.  If  the  learner's  memory  is  not  good,  or  his  percep- 
tion quick,  so  that  he  can  decide  these  points  readily,  a 
good  plan  for  arriving  at  the  result  is  to  commence  at 
the  beginning  of  the  scale  of  vowels  and  speak  them  thus: 
€,  SL,  (I,  (observing  that  thus  far  the  signs  are  heavy  dots, 
and  that  the  remainder  are  dashes,)  0,  Q,  £0,  till  he 
arrives  at  the  one  he  wishes  to  write;  just  as  the  learner 
of  music,  when  he  cannot  strike  the  proper  sound  of  a 
note,  commences  at  do  and  runs  up  the  scale  till  he 
obtains  the  proper  sound. 

16.     Words  containing  only  horizontal  consonants,  if 

the  accented  vowels  are  first  place,  are  written  about  the 

height  of   a  vertical  stroke  above  the  line;  as    *       me, 

key;   if  the  vowels  are  second  or  third  place,  they 

are  written  on  the  line;  as,  -— -  gay,  ^j-^  mow. 

NOTE. — For  the  purpose  of  assisting  the  learner  until  he  becomes  fa- 
miliar with  phonetic  printing,  a  few  of  the  first  exercises  for  writing  will 
be  printed  in  both  modes  of  spelling. 

WRITING*  EXERCISE  I. 

FlRST  .PLACE  DOT,   offer  the  consonant. — 
Pea,   tea,    key,  fee,  see,  sh^,  lee,  me,  knee. 
Pe,      te,      ke,      fe,     se,    Je,  .  le,     me,     ne. 
Before  the  consonant. — Eat,  each,  eke,  eve,  ease,  eel,  ear. 
£t,     eq,      ek,     ev,     ez,     el,     er. 

SECOND  PLACE  DOT,  after  the  consonant. — 
Pay,  day,  gay,  they,  say,  may,  way,  hay. 
Pa,      da,     ga,      da,       sa,      ma,      wa,     ha. 
Before. — Ape,  eight,  aid,    age,  ache,  ale,  air,  aim. 
£Ip,     at,        ad,      aj;      ak,       al,     av,     am. 


THIRD  PLACE  DOT,  after  the  consonant. — Pa,  ma. 

Pq,   mq. 
Before. — Are. 
flr. 


REVIEW    OP    THE    FIRST    LESSON.  35 

FIRST  PLACE  DASH,  after  the  consonant. — 

Paw,  jaw,  thaw,  saw,  law,  gnaw. 
Pe,      jo,      to,        se,      le,       ne. 
Before. — Ought,  awed,  awl,  awn. 
Gt,  ed,        el,       en. 

SECOND   PLACE   DASH,    after   the  consonant. — Bow,   toe, 

Bo,      to, 

dough,  foe,  though,  sow,  show,  low,  know,  woe,  hoe. 
do,         fo,      do,  so,      Jo,         lo,     no,       wo      ho. 

Before. — Ode,  oak,  oath,  owes,  oar,  own. 
(Ddj     ok,      ot,       oz,       or,      on. 

THIRD  PLACE  DASH,  after  tiie  consonant. — Coo,  shoe. — 

Ko>,    Jo>. 
Before. — Ooze. 
0)z. 

REVIEW. — (1.)  What  care  should  be  taken  in  writing  the  heavy  curved 
strokes?  (2.)  What  consonants  are  written  downwards?  How  are  the 
horizontal  ones  written?  What  are  they?  (3,  4,  and  5.)  What  are  the 
exceptions  to  these  general  rules?  (6.)  What  is  the  first  thing  to  be 
done  in  writing  a  word  phonographically  ?  What  next?  (7.)  How  are 
the  consonants  adjusted  to  the  line  of  writing?  (8.)  When  one  straight 
consonant  follows  another  of  the  same  kind,  how  are  they  written  ?  (9.) 
What  is  the  order  of  reading  the  consonants  in  a  word  ?  (10.)  How  many 
places  have  consonants,  to  which  vowels  may  be  written?  (11  and  12.) 
What  is  the  sound  of  the  first  place  heavy  dot?  The  second?  The 
third  ?  What  is  the  sound  of  the  first  place  heavy  dash  ?  The  second  ? 
The  third?  (13.)  How  should  the  vowels  be  written  to  the  consonants? 
(14.)  If  the  vowel  sound  of  a  word  is  heard  before  the  consonant,  to 
which  side  of  the  perpendicular  strokes  is  it  written  ?  Which  side  of  the 
inclined?  Which  of  the  horizontal?  (15.)  At  which  end  of  I  and  ^  is 
the  first  place  vowel  written?  (16.)  In  vocalizing  a  word,  what  is  the 
first  thing  to  be  determined?  What  the  second?  (18.)  How  are  words 
that  contain  only  a  horizontal  stroke  written  ? 


2 


SHORT    VOWELS  — DIPHTHONGS— DOT    H— VOCALIZING 
COMBINED    CONSONANTS. 

IF  the  student  has  become  familiar  with  the  arrange- 
ment and  manner  of  writing  the  long  vowels,  it  will  be 
a  very  easy  matter  for  him  to  understand  and  use  the 
following  scale  of 

SHORT  VOWELS. 

ji          -je         ja          jo         -lii          Ju 

as  in     it,  et,  at,  on,  up,         foot. 

The  six  vowel  sounds  above  given  approximate  so 
nearly  in  quality  to  those  given  on  page  30,  the  main 
difference  being  in  length  or  fulness,  that  they  are  repre- 
sented in  precisely  the  same  manner,  excepting  that  the 
signs  are  made  lighter.  [See  Introduction,  pages  20,  21.] 

19.  The  proper  sounds  of  these  dots  and  dashes,  in 
their  several  positions,  must  be  well  memorized.  They 
may  be  designated  thus: — i  is  the  first  place  light  dot;  e 
is  the  second  place  light  dot;  a,  is  the  third  place  light 
dot;  0  is  the  first  place  light  dash;  U  is  the  second  place 
light  dash ;  •**  is  the  third  place  light  dash. 

As  a  general  thing  it  is  more  convenient,  and,  except 
in  analyzing  words,  it  is  just  as  well  to  name  the  short 
vowels  with  the  consonant  t  after  them ;  thus :  it,  et,  at, 
of,  ut,  oot. 

""(36) 


EXERCISE   ON   THE   SHORT   VOWELS. 


37 


The  following  exercise  on  the  short  vowel  scale  should 
be  practised  till  their  consecutive  order  is  well  mastered, 
and  the  position  of  each  sound  can  be  told  without  hesi- 
tation. 

HEADING  EXERCISE  II. 


\ 


1 


x 


\ 


L 


11   r 

L    ~ 
L 


WRITING  EXERCISE  II. 

FIRST  PLACE  LIGHT  DOT. — Pit,  tip,  pil,  pik,  dip,  mil. 
SECOND  PLACE  LIGHT  DOT. — Eb,  ej,  eg,  bel,  tel. 
THIRD  PLACE  LIGHT  DoT.-rrAd,  am,  lak,  bak. 

FIRST  PLACE  LIGHT  DASH. — Od,  of,  top,  got,  jok,   lok,  mok, 

foli,  bodi. 

SECOND  PLACE  LIGHT  DASH. — Up,  us,  kut,  luk,  luv. 

THIRD  PLACE  LIGHT  DASH. — Pul,  buk,  tuk,  rak,  luk,  kuk, 
piali,  full. 


38  MANUAL   OF   PHONOGRAPHY. 

DIPHTHONGS. 

as  in      ice,  oil,  owl,  new. 

20.  These  diphthong  characters,  excepting  «  ,*  oc- 
cupy but  two  places,  the  beginning  and  end  of  a  conso- 
nant. When  written  in  the  first  place,  with  the  point 
downward,  the  angle  represents  the  first  sound  in  ice; 
thus,  ^N^  pie,  (v  tliy,  v"^  my;  with  the  point  upward, 
in  the  same  place,  the  first  sound  in  oil;  thus,  \  boy, 
A  coy;  with  the  point  upward,  and  in  the  third  place, 
the  first  sound  in  owl;  as,  /\  our,  *, ,  now.  The  char- 
acters should  be  written  without  lifting  the  pen,  and 
placed  in  a  perpendicular  position  to  the  inclined  and 
horizontal  strokes,  as  well  as  to  the  vertical. 


\ 

\    r 

sir  V 


WRITING  EXERCISE  III. 

Bi,  *i,  fi.  vi.  di>  si.  Ji.  ]i.  mi.  ni  ;  is>  iz.  i1.  ir>  i«-   B^,  *», 

jer,  ker;  erl,  anec.     Bs,  ds,  ks,  v^f,  sx,  als,  n»  ;  xt,  «r,  si. 

*  This,  though  representing,  ordinarily,  the  pure  diphthong,  is  also  em- 
ployed in  an  extended  sche-me  of  compound  vowels,  which  will  be  treated 
of  hereafter. 


READING  EXERCISE  III. 


THE   DOT   H.  39 


21.  DOT  H.  —  Since  the  aspirate  never  occurs  in  Eng- 
lish except  before  a  vowel,  a  briefer  mode  of  represent- 
ing it  than  the  long  sign  ^  is  generally  employed, 
namely,  a  light  dot  placed  immediately  before  the  vowel; 
it  should  be  written  to  the  left  of  the  dot  vowels  that 
belong  to  a  vertical  or  inclined  stroke,  and  above  those 
belonging  to  horizontals;  and  above  the  dash  vowels  of 
the  former,  and  to  the  left  of  those  of  the  latter;  thus, 
"|  hit,  ^-^  hem,  ~~\  hod,  ~^\  her,  ;.L^  home. 

Although  this  h  is  the  same  in  shape  as  the  light  dot 
vowels,  it  need  never  lead  to  any  mistake,  from  the  fact 
that  no  dot  vowel  ever  occurs  immediately  before  another 
dot  vowel.  For  the  stroke,  h  will  be  italicized. 

READING  EXERCISE  IV. 


T\   n 


WRITING  EXERCISE  IV. 

LONG  VOWELS. — Het,  hat,  bed,  hel,  hal,  her,  h^r;  hop,  hoop, 
hod,   hek,  hoi,  horn. 

FIRST  PLACE  LIGHT  DOT. — Hip,  hit,  hicj,  hil,  him. 
SECOND  PLACE  LIGHT  DOT. — Hed,  hej,  hem. 

THIRD  PLACE    LIGHT  DOT.— >Hat,  "had,    haq,  hak,  ham,    hag, 

hapi. 
FIRST  PLACE  LIGHT  DASH. — Hop,  hot,  hog,  hod. 

SECOND  PLACE   LIGHT  DASH. — Hub,     hut,    huj",    hul,    hum 
hiuj. 

DIPHTHONGS. — Hjt,  hjd,  hjv. 


40  MANUAL   OP   PHONOGRAPHY. 

VOCALIZING   COMBINED   CONSONANTS. 

22.  In  vocalizing  two  or  more  consonants  it  is  very 
important  to  keep  the  vowel  signs  away  from  the  angles 
or  places  where  the  consonants  join,  especially  from  the 
inside  of  angles,  as  in  such  positions  it  is  impossible  to 
tell  to  which  stroke  they  belong ;  thus,  it  cannot  be  told 
whether  \t_^  is  the  word  beam  or  balm. 

The  following  rules  should  be  observed: — 

First.  When  a  first  place  vowel,  or  diphthong,  comes 
between  two  consonants  it  is  placed  immediately  after 
the  first ;  as  "•  \  keep,  not  "^ ,  where  it  is  before  the 
second  consonant;  ^ s —  meek,  not  *  ;  /  kill, 
not '-J  ;  v— x  'rea'mt  ^  |  kite,  &c. 

Second.  A  second  place  vowel,  if  it  is  long,  is  also 
written  after  the  first  consonant;  as  """]  gate,  J^.  dome; 
but  if  short,  it  is  written  before  the  second;  as  ~~]  get, 
\j^  dumb;  by  which  arrangement  we  are  enabled  to  de- 
termine the  sound  of  the  middle  place  vowel  by  position, 
if  it  should  not  be  clearly  indicated  by  the  size. 

Third.  Third  place  vowels,  whether  long  or  short,  are 
written  before  the  second  consonant;  as  \^«  balm, 
\  boot,  \  bad,  \ i  book,  I  doubt. 

7       •'  A! 

ILLUSTRATIVE   EXERCISE. 


VOCALIZING   COMBINED   CONSONANTS.  41 

i         % 

I 

Fourth.  f.f  two  vowels  come  between  two  consonants, 
the  first  one  spoken  is  written  to  the  first  stroke,  and  the 
next  one  to. the  second;  thus,  \X,  poem,  \f^|  palliate. 

Some  deviations  from  these  rules  occur  in  contracted 
forms  of  writing;  but  their  general  observance  renders 
the  manuscript  more  legible  than  it  could  otherwise  be. 

24.  If  two  vowels  precede  the  first  consonant  in  a 
word,  the  first  is  written  farther  from  it  than  the  second  ; 
thus,  y-\  iota;  if  it  terminate  with  two,  the  last  is  writ- 
ten farther  from  the  consonant  sign;  as,   VJ^  idea. 

25.  When   the  diphthong    v    commences  a  word  it 
may  frequently  be  united  with  the  consonant  following, 
without  lifting  the  pen,  as  in  the  word  idea,  just  given, 
N;\^'l     /  believe,    \*-^  I  fear,  &c. 

26.  In  reading  words  of  two  or  more  consonants,  it 
must  be  observed  that  each  stroke,  and  the  vowel-sign  or 
signs  placed  to  it,  must  be  read  precisely  as  they  would 
be   if   they   stood    unconnected    with    other   consonant 
strokes;  thus,  V~)'  read  in  this  way  would  be  considered 
thus:    \    j^~    )'  po-li-cy;    "*}f  ,  v        \    (~  migh-ti-ly. 
This  process  will  be  necessary  till  the  learner  can  read 
words  from  their  general  appearance. 

READING  EXERCISE  V. 

*^QB* 

^  0w*ru\U/ 


^S 


^ 


42  MANUAL   OP   PHONOGRAPHY. 


WRITING  EXERCISE  V. 


LONQ  DOT  VOWELS.  —  Bet,  bak,  ba.r,  peg,  bqm,  pad,  pal,  pqm, 
tern,  dam,  tq,r,  ded,  dat,  qep,  qa//qer,  qef,  kep,  gat,  kel,  gal, 
kojn,  kak,  Jam,  q,rk,  q,rm,  lep,  lat,  Iqf,  nav,  nam.  awak, 
avv^r. 

SHORT  DOT  VOWELS.  —  Bit,  pet,  pad,  pic;,  beg,  bag,  pil,  del, 
rim,  lip,  lej,  liv,  maq,  niej,  maj,  mil,  milk,  vali,  a^ed. 

LONG  DASH  VOWELS.  —  Bet,  pop,  bo>t,  tet,  dor,  Icol,  qek,  jok, 
kel,  kol,  kool,  gedi,  ferm,  vot,  food,  room,  lof,  mel,  mcov, 
neti,  awok. 

SHORT  DASH  VOWELS.  —  Pot,  bug,  buk,  bodi,  dot,  doj,  dug, 
kuk,  foli,  fuli,  Jok,  Juk,  log,  luk,  luk,  mok,  mug,  muj, 
nok,  nuk. 

DIPHTHONGS.  —  Pjl,  abjd,  berl,  qjd,  qjm,  ab-st,  mjl,  deker,  dela, 
avsd,  alsd,  enjer,  bo-ler,  fjler. 

Get  me  mj  buk.     S  belev  mj  ber.     <i  Ma  j  go  horn  n~s.    Put 
awa  mj  dul  njf. 


BEVIEW. — (19.)  What  is  the  sound  of  the  first  place  light  dot?  The 
second  ?  The  third  ?  The  first  place  light  dash  ?  The  second  ?  The 
third?  What  is  the  short  sound  of  ef  at  ah?  aw?  o?  oof  (20.)  To 
what  places  of  the  consonant  are  the  diphthongs  written  ?  Describe  the 
sign  and  position  of  I.  Of  oi.  Of  ow.  (21.)  What  is  the  second  form 
of  the  aspirate  ?  How  distinguished  from  vowels?  (22.)  In  vocalizing 
combined  consonants,  what  is  important  ?  What  is  the  rule  for  first  place 
vowels  ?  Second  place  ?  Third  place  ?  If  two  vowels  occur  between  two 
consonants,  how  are  they  written?  (23.)  If  two  vowels  precede  a  conso- 
nant? If  two  terminate  a  word?  (24.)  How  may  1  sometimes  be  writ- 
ten? (25.)  What  is  the  rule  for  reading  words  containing  two  or  more 
consonants  and  their  accompanying  vowels. 


3. 


UP-STROKES  B,  Sff,  AND  L  —  VOWEL  WORD-SIGNS,  Ac. 

26.  In  order  to  prevent  words  from  running  too  far 
below  the  line  for  convenience  or  beauty,  and  to  afford  a 
variety  of  skeleton  outlines,  by  which  different  words 
having  the  same  consonant  sounds  may  be  written  differ- 
ently, and  thus  be  distinguished  without  being  vocalized, 
provision  is  made  for  representing  several  of  the  conso- 
nant  sounds  by   both   upward  and   downward   strokes. 
This   provision    also    makes  the  writing   more   easy    of 
execution,  since  these  up-strokes  are  all  in  the  inclina- 
tion of  the  line   of  writing,  from  left  to  right.     The 
letters  thus  represented  are  r,  sh,  and  I;  the  former  of 
which,  only,  requires  a  different  character. 

27.  The  second  sign  for  r  is  a  straight  line  struck 
upward  at  an  angle  of  thirty  degrees;  thus,  /^    Though 
this  character  is  specially  available  in  writing  words  re- 
quiring two   or  more   consonants,  yet  it  is   frequently 
used  alone,  as  /^  rye;  and  more  frequently  when  termi- 
nating with  a  circle  or  hook,  (Lessons  IV,  VI,)  when  it 
is  less  likely  to  be  confounded  with  ch,  written  down- 
ward and  of  nearly  the  same  inclination ;  in  neither  case, 
however,  is  there  any  difficulty  experienced  by  the  adept, 
since  the  sense  of  the  preceding  words  nearly  always 
suggests  what  the  following  word  is. 

28.  When  written   in  connection  with  other  conso- 
nants, there  is  never  any  ambiguity,  since  it  can  be  seen 

"^ T '"'(43)'" 


44  MANUAL   OF   PHONOGRAPHY. 

at  a  glance  whether  the  stroke  is  written  upward  or 
downward;  thus,  |X  tr,  J  tch,  /\  rt.  So  that  while 
the  rule  is  that  ch  shall  be  written  at  an  angle  of  sixty 
degrees,  and  r  at  an  angle  of  thirty  degrees,  they  may 
both  be  written  at  the  same  inclination,  except  when 
either  is  the  only  consonant  in  a  word,  and  except,  also, 
when  one  of  them  immediately  follows  the  other,  as  /] , 
in  which  case  necessity  compels  one  to  be  written  at  a 
different  inclination  from  the  other. 

29.  The  rule  that  the  beginning  of  a  consonant  stroke 
is  where  the  first-place  vowel  is  written;  and  the  termina- 
tion of  a  stroke  the  third-place,  must  be  observed  in 
vocalizing  this  up-stroke  r;  thus,    ^7 'reach,  X\  ripe, 
&s\   charity. 

RULES  FOR  WRITING  K  UPWARD  OR  DOWNWARD.* 

30.  The  following  rules  in  regard  to  the  use  of  the 
two  forms  of  r,  will  guide  the  learner  to  the  best  forms 
of  words: 

First.  The  up-stroke  should  be  used  when  the  follow- 
ing consonant  is  to  be  written  downward,  as  in  the 
examples  above.  (29.) 

Second.  When  r  is  the  initial  letter  of  a  word,  and  is 
followed  by  the  s-circle,  )t-hook,  (see  Lessons  IV  and 
VIII,)  k,  g,  /,  ?,  or  another  r,  the  up-stroke  is  employed; 
as  /* rogue,  ^^/' rash,  ^^f  rule,  /?  rare.  But 
if  a  vowel  precede  r  as  the  first  consonant,  the  down- 
stroke  is  employed ;  as,  ^ —  arc,  j)  Irish,  ^V"  early, 

A_^  error. 

Third.  Whenever  preceded  by  v,  ih,  or  m,  the  upward 
I    r  is  employed;  a,s\^/veer,    f\/  theory,   <^/ mire. 

*  These  rules  may  be  passed  over  without  much  studying  at  first ;  but 
on  reviewing  the  lessons  they  should  be  well  understood  and  applied. 


ON    WRITING    THE    UP-STROKE    R. 


45 


Fourth.  Whenever  followed  by  n  or  nq  the  up-stroke 

i  i         S*-'         '  x  ---- 

is  employed  ;  /•       rainy,  /         wrong. 

Fifth.  When  r  is  the  final  stroke  consonant  in  a  word, 
and  followed  by  a  vowel,  the  tip-stroke  is  to  be  used,  as  in 
the  words  \^  berry,  _  /  carry;  but  if  no  vowel  fol- 
lows, the  down-stroke  is  employed;  as  \_  poor,  ~\  car. 

Sixth.  When  one  r  follows  another,  except  at  the  be- 
ginning of  a  -word  when  preceded  by  a  vowel   (as  in 
error,')  they  are  both  written  upward  ;  as   ^?^\  rarity, 
>^  carrier. 


^ 

Seventh.    When    followed   by  m,  the   down  -stroke  is 
always  used;  as    \^-^J  room,   <L  charm. 


READING  EXERCISE  VI. 

A 


W 


46  MANUAL   OF   PHONOGRAPHY. 

WRITING  EXERCISE  VI. 

Kepel,  retjr,  redem,  redi,  ratifj,  ravaj,  pq,rti,  derjd,  arjv, 
urj,*erf);  raj,  rak,  riketi. 

Boro,  feri,  jvori,  teori,  kari,  memori,  rotari,  turoli,  mer, 
demur,  admjr. 

Eandom,   reform,    rank,    reanimat,   adorirj. 

Boroer,  borer,  barier,  inferior,  naroer,  kurier,  miror,  derer, 
Jerer,  karer. 

[Down-stroke  It.]     Kem,  rjm,  remedi,  remo>v. 

RULES  FOR  WRITING  L  AND  SH. 

31.  L  and  sh  may  be  written  upward  or  downward 
without  any  change  of  form;  and  in  vocalizing,  or  read- 
ing, the  direction  in  which  they  were  made,  as  in  the  case 
of  the  up-stroke  r,  will  be  known  by  their  connection 
with  other  consonant  signs;  as  C_\tong,  C\  leave,  <^ 

x-  ^"  '^^  ^s 

shop,  _J     shawl. 

32.N  The  following  rules  will  guide,  as  near  as  possi- 
ble, to  the  most  approved  use  of  I: 

First.  When  I  is  the  initial  letter  of  a  word,  and  fol- 
lowed by  k,  g,  or  m,  the  up-stroke  I  is  employed;  as 

f\j          like,  £  league,  f  limb.     But  if  a  vowel 

.  /•;,  »/"' 

precedes,  the  down-stroke  is  used,  as. /_  alike,  A~N  helm.  J 

When  other  consonants  follow  Ik,  Ig,  Im,  the  I  may  be 
k written  either  upward  or  downward. 

Second.  Immediately  before  and  after  n  and  ng,  the 
down-stroke  is  employed;  as  ~^f  nail,  (2, —  link.  If  a 
down-stroke  letter  is  to  follow  I  after  n,  the  up-stroke  I 
must  be  employed;  as  ^J^/' analogy. 

Third.  When  I  is  the  final  consonant  in  a  word,  and 
preceded  by  /,  v,  or  upward  r,  without  a  final  vowel,  it 
is  written  downward;  as  ^v  feel,  ^  V  revile,  <- 


'• 


ON    WRITING    L    AND    SH.  47 

tnoral.  But  if  a  vowel  follows,  the  up-stroke  is  used  ,  as 
^/"  folly,  ^f  rely.  irC/UA^f. 

Fourth.  After  n  and  ng,  a  final  I  is  always  written 
downward,  even  though  followed  by  a  vowel,  as  (^.  lonely, 
'  ~*~—f-  kingly. 

fifth.  Final  ?,  following  all  other  consonants  but/,  v, 
up  stroke  r,  n  and  ng,  is  written  upward,  whether  a  vowel 
follows  or  not;  as  \/^*  peal,  /"  cool,  x-vv  mail. 

33.  ^STi  is  usually  written  downward;  before  I,  however, 
and  after  /  and  v,  it  is  nearly  always  written  upward; 
as  _jf^~  shelf,  V_y  fish,  /^\^J  lavish. 


READING  EXERCISE  VII. 


WRITING  EXERCISE  VII. 


NOTE. — In  this  exercise  and  the  next  one,  up-stroke  r  and  sh,  and 
down-stroke  I,  will  be  indicated  by  italic  letters. 

Lek,  Ijk,   luk,  log,   lorn,   legasi. 

iq,nq,  7ar)k,  feyf,  Zegfiili,  Zinsi,  7unq,  fefig ; — anu?,  on?i, 
kanaZ ; — analitik,  analoji,  enlqrj ; — f  jZ,  foo?,  vj?,  unfaZin,  reve?, 
unva?. 

Rd,   rea?,   rat,  relm,   karo?,  bare?,    peri?. 

Pelo,  full,  vali,  rali,  reali,  j'ealiti ; — menZi,  felig?i,  luvip?i ; 
— /i^>  /e^>  /a^°  » — da/,    navi/,   efi/ensi,   defi/ensi. 
lij,   foolij,    publij,    polij,    abolij,   rajli. 


48  MANUAL   OP   PHONOGRAPHY. 

VOVTGL  WORD-SIGNS. 

34.  By  a  word-sign  is  meant  the  use  of  a  single 
character  of  the  alphabet  to  represent  an  entire  word. 
This  scheme  is  resorted  to  that  the  penman  may  attain 
greater  speed  in  writing;  and  those  words  are  chosen 
thus  to  he  represented  which  occur  the  most  frequently 
in  composition;  twenty-five  of  them  actually  constituting 
one-fourth  of  any  given  chapter  or  discourse,  and  one 
hundred  of  them  amounting  to  almost  half.  The  signs 
are  so  chosen  as  to  suggest,  generally,  the  words  they 
represent.  Words  thus  represented  are  called  sign-words, 
when  we  wish  to  distinguish  them  from  other  words. 


the  a  and,  an  I  how 

X  I  ' 


\ 


all  two        already      before      ought         who 

too  oh 

_: _, _•_ , '__ ,_. 

of  to  or  but  on        should 

35.  Only  two  places,  the  first  and  last,  or  above  and 
on  the  line,  are  used  in  writing  the  vowel  word-signs, 
because  without  a  consonant  it  would  be  impossible  to 
determine  between  a  first  and  second-place  position.  If 
the  word  to  be  represented  contains  a  first-place  vowel 
sound,  the  sign  is  written  above  the  line;  if  a  second  or 
third-place,  it  is  written  on  the  line.  No  confusion 
arises  from  bringing  second-place  vowels  down  to  the 
third  position,  since,  when  the  second-place  sign  is 
thus  transferred,  the  third-place  sign  is  not  used  as  a 
word-sign,  and  when  the  third  is  used  the  second  is  not. 


MARKS    OP    PUNCTUATION.  49 

36.  The  is  a  word-sign  that  often  follows  immediately 
most  of  the  others,  and  in  order  to  avoid  lifting  the 
pen  to  write  each  separately,  it  is  joined  to  the  preceding 
sign  in  the  shape  of  a  light  tick;  thus,  >  of  the,. ^  on  the, 
y~  to  the. 

MARKS  OF  PUNCTUATION:  x  period,  +  colon,  £  in- 
terrogation, »  wonder,  ?  grief,  ?  laughter,  (  }  paren- 
theses; the  comma  and  semi-colon  may  be  written  as  in 
common  manuscript. 

An  emphatic  word  or  sentence  is  indicated  by  a  waved 
lino  being  drawn  beneath  it;  thus,  '•^',  if  it  is  desired  to 
indicate  that  a  word  should  commence  with  a  capital  let- 
ter, it  is  shown  by  two  parallel  lines  being  written  under 
it;  thus,  y_ 


EXERCISE  VIII. 
C          "  xrt    ^     '  —    x         •     [I/     I' 


X 


XI      '  "n" N      /  /\/^ 

.1      >  /v  I  x  \     >*~s<  ^-rx  r-A  '  '•^J-  3 

f    f-     >      J  VI  -V       IV 

I      X          ..I       .  l^>     ^    I       v_^A 


lr  ^ 


50  MANUAL   OP   PHONOGRAPHY. 


WRITING  EXERCISE  VIII. 

NOTE.  —  In  the  following  and  a  few  subsequent  exercises  the  sign-words 
thus  far  introduced  will  be  indicated  by  being  enclosed  in  quotation 
marks.  As  additional  ones  are  spoken  of,  they  will  be  indicated  in  the 
same  way. 

When  the  may  be  united  with  a  preceding  word,  they  will  be  connected 
by  a  hyphen.  '  '  . 

Ga?-iti  tariet  ?oij;  hjclefl  muq  rorj;  qerijet)  no  il;  aperet  holli 
luvli  amun  us.  'cCs'  ert)  'and'  'de'  ^r.  A  Ijvli  'and'  hapi,  'but' 
gidi,  her.  *  o  nufiig.  V  'cle'  b.8t  'ov-de'  fjr.  Go  'tia-de'  dor. 

He  ma  rjt  'el-d&'  tjm.  La  it  'on-de'/elf.  Go  'tu'  mj  Jop 
'and'  rin  'de'  bel.  Q  jadi  pore;  'and'  kco/in  Jser.  Ma  hqrmoni 
fog  abid  in  -sr  qurq. 


Fo)liJ  ber!  'h-s'  da^r  'he'  lavi/  mj   muni  'on'  so     vjl    a  pol- 
isi?     '91'  'boo'  no  '(le'"rjt  /ud'  da>    it. 


REVIEW. — (26.)  Which  are  the  letters  that  may  be  written  either  up- 
ward or  downward?  (27.)  Explain  the  up-stroke  r  as  compared  with  ch. 
(28.)  In  words  containing  more  than  one  consonant,  how  is  up-stroke  r 
distinguished  from  ch?  (29.)  Where  are  the  first  and  third  place  vowels 
put  to  the  up-stroke  rf  (30.)  Give  the  first  rule  for  writing  r ;  the  sec- 
ond, ditto;  third:  fourth;  fifth;  sixth;  seventh?  (31.)  How  is  it  determined 
when  the  strokes  sh,  r,  I  are  written  upward?  (32.)  Give  the  first  rule 
for  writing  I;  the  second;  third;  fourth;  fifth?  (33.)  Under  what  circum- 
stance is  s\  nearly  always  written  upward  ?  (34.)  What  is  a  word-sign  ? 
Explain  the  difference  between  a  word-sign  and  a  sign-word.  (35.) 
What  is  the  word  represented  by  the  first  place  heavy  dot?  The  third 
place  heavy  dot?  Third  place  light  dot?  The  diphthongs?  What  three 
words  does  the  first  place  heavy  dash  represent  ?  What  three  the  third 
place  heavy  dash  ?  What  three  the  first  place  light  dash  ?  What  three 
tho  third  place  light  dash?  (36.)  What  is  the  practice  in  writing  the 
after  other  word-signs. 


1*05011 


THE  CIRCLE  S  AND  Z—OOM,  CON,  ING,  AND  MP  — 
CONSONANT  WORD-SIGNS. 

The  fact  that  s  and  2  represent  sounds  of  very  fre- 
quent recurrence,  renders  it  necessary,  in  order  to 
secure  the  greatest  brevity  and  beauty  in  writing,  that 
they  be  furnished  with  an  additional  sign.  Indeed, 
each  subsequent  chapter  of  these  lessons  is  but  to 
introduce  some  more  abbreviated  method  of  writing ; 
which,  while  it  seems  to  render  the  system  more  com- 
plex, adds  to  it  new  beauty  as  well  as  value. 

37.  The  second  forms  for  s  and  z  are,  a  small  circle, 
made  light  for  the  first,  and  thickened  on  one  side  for 
the  latter;  thus,  o  s,  o  z;  the  thickening  of  the  z-circle, 
however,  is  scarcely  ever  necessary,  as  the  sense  will 
nearly  always  indicate  whether  the  circle  should  be  s  or 
z.  Where  great  precision  is  requisite,  the  stroke  z 
should  be  used. 

The  circle  is  used  much  more  frequently  than  the 
stroke  s;  it  is  employed,  however,  only  in  connection 
with  strok^  consonants,  except  as  a  word-sign.  The 
table  on  the  following  page  will  assist  the  learner  in 
fixing  in  his  mind  the  peculiar  connection  the  circle  has 
with  each  long  sign ;  it  will  also  be  of  service  for  refer- 
ence, in  writing  out  the  exercises  in  the  lesson. 


52  MANUAL   OP   PHONOGRAPHY. 

TABLE   OF  THE   CIRCLE  S. 

\  sp                |    st  /     sch  a  —  sk 

\  sb                f   sd  X°  sj  o  —  sg 

\^  sf                (^  sth  J  ss  ^x  ssh 

V  sv                (^  sth  J  sz  ^  szh 

6^  si  )  sr  o/sr 

sm        Q_>  sn  3  —  •>  sng  ^  sw         £ 


3&.  The  stroke  y  never  takes  an  initial  circle,  because 
not  needed;  it  is  used  on  its  termination,  however..  The 
table  presents  the  circle  written  only  at  the  initial  end 
of  the  strokes,  whereas  it  may  be  written  at  either  end, 
according  as  it  is  desired  to  read  before  or  after  the 
stroke  ;  thus,  \o  ps,  —  o  ks,  j  tos,  ^  hs;  and  it  may 
also,  of  course,  be  written  between  two  strokes;  thus, 

.)   kst,  \Q_^fsn. 

39.  The  learner  must  observe  the  following  rules  in 
writing  the  circle: 

First.  On  all  the  straight  vertical  and  inclined  strokes 
it  is  written  on  the  right-hand  side,  both  beginning  and 
end. 

Second.  On  the  'straight  horizontal  signs,  which  in- 
clude the  up-stroke  r,  since  it  is  nearer  horizontal  than 
vertical,  it  is  written  on  the  upper  side. 

Third.  It  is  written  on  the  inner  or  concave  side  of 
all  the  curved  signs.  Compare  the  foregoing  with  the 
table. 

Fourth.  When  it  comes  between  two  consonants  it  is 
turned  in  the  shortest  way;  thus,  J  _  tsk,  /  chsn, 


ON   WKITING   THE   CIRCLE   S  AND    Z.  53 

40.  In  vocalizing  words  in  which  the  circle  s  is  used, 
the  vowel-signs  are  to  be  placed  to  the  strokes  before 
which  or  after  which  they  are  heard,  without  any  refer- 
ence to  the  circle.  As  rules  to  assist  the  learner  in 
reading  words  containing  the  circle  s,  the  following  ob- 
servations are  sufficiently  explicit: 

First.  If  there  is  an  initial  circle,  it  is  always  read 
first,  and  then  the  vowel  that  precedes  the  stroke,  and 
lastly  the  stroke  itself,  as  I  seat,  a  —  :  sack,  £  sovl. 

Second.  If  no  vowel  precedes  the  stroke,  the  circle, 
stroke,  and  following  vowel  are  read,  in  the  order 

QV  P  S~ 

named;  as   \  spy,  \-stow,  Q  —  f     scale. 

Third.  When  the  circle  terminates  a  word,  it  is\always 
the  last  to  be  read;  as,  ^  this,  —  j-°  goes,  (~~  looks, 
^~~^  seems,  ^  cnj°ys,  /\,  suppose;  when  written  between 
two  strokes,  its  relation  to  the  vowels  is  always  evident, 
as  will  be  seen  in  examining  £^  lessen,  ?]  excite. 

BEADING  EXERCISE  IX. 


v 


Jv_             \         «D                             Q_L/      Q^y              i              d  f 

Q*  Q      X-—         Q ^~~s  x—      .< — >  o        x —         . f.  J? 

v—  \r        ^r  ^   .^r  &  A 

$"*        cL          lip         ^o       Sb          >~N«        ^^       *T| 
\       \L9 


MANUAL   Or   PHONOGRAPHY. 


WRITING  EXERCISE  IX. 

Sip,  so>p,  sap,  sop,  set,  sjil,  sot.  set.  sej,  suq,  sek,  sok,  sav, 
sjd,  ssfi,  sez,  saj,  ser,  ssr,  .sel,  sol,  sam,  sum,  sjn,  soon,  sig, 
sugk. 

Spj,  sta,  skj,  sla,  slo,  slj,  sno.  Pes,  daz,  qez,  jerz,  gas, 
fez,  vjs,  Sis,  doz,  Joz,  raz,  rjs,  «rz,  las,  mjs,  ujs. 

Spek,  spok,  skem,  sfer,  slep,  slak,  smok,  smel,  snal,  sii)k. 
Besto,  beset,  task,  itself,  spas,  spesifj,  skjz,  sikst,  agkjus, 
sedijus,  risk,  resjt,  rezn,  deniz,  solas,  holmes,  cjozn,  mason. 


41.  There  are  four  cases  where  the  long  s  or  z  must 
always  be  employed:  First,  when  it  is  the  only  stroke 
consonant  in  a  word;  as,  ')  ace,  )  ease,  )~so.  Second, 
when  it  is  the  first  consonant  and  preceded  by  a  vowel  ; 
as  •/.  _  ask,  'i-j-^  escape.  Third,  when  two  distinct 
vowel  sounds  come  between  the  s  and  following  conso- 
nant; as  in  the  word  LLD  science.  Fourth,  when  s  or  z  is 
the  last  consonajit  in  a  word  and  followed  by  a  vowel; 
as»rj-o?so,  N/O  palsy.  Fifth,  when  z  commences  a 
word  ;  as  Y~  zeal,  f  Zion. 


42.  When  the  sound  of  s  or  z  is  heard  twice  in  the 
same  syllable,  either  of  two  forms  may  be  used,  ss,    J  or 
J  ss;  if  the  last  sound  is  that  of  z  the  circle  should  be 
made  first  and  the  stroke  be  written  heavy  ;  thus,  v^  size. 

43.  When  the  indistinct  vowel  i  or  e  comes  between 
ss  or  an  s  and  a  z,  or  between  zz,  in  the  middle  or  at  the 
end  of  a  word,  the  syllable  is  represented  by  a  circle 
double   the  usual  size  ;  thus,  \o  pieces,  &    chooses,  xo 
suffices,  ^O^yzecessar^.     It  should  never  begin  a  word,  as 
in  system.     In  the  word  exercise,  it  is  allowable  to  put  the 
diphthong  /  in  the  double  circle,  thus, 


PREFIXES    COM   AND    CON  —  AFFIX    ING.  55 

44.  The  circle  is  used  as  a  word-sign  for  is,  written 
above  the  line,  thus,  °  ;  and  for  as,  written  on  the  line, 
thus,  o;  with  the  dot  aspirate  prefixed  they  become 
'°  his,  .0  has. 


READING  EXERCISE  X. 


)••> 


WRITING  EXERCISE  X. 

flso,  jsi,  aslep,  esp^zal,  asjnz,  sjonz  ;  —  bizi,  spjsi,  lazi, 
hersa,  ekseleusi,  obstiuasi,  epilepsi,  sufijensi;  —  zooloji,  zero, 
zelusli,  zigzag. 

Ses,  ses,  sez,  sez,  sisorz,  sizm. 

Basis,  dosez,  qcozez,  kisez,  diskusez,  vjsez,  -snsez,  relesez, 
egzist,  pozesor. 


THE  PEEFIXES  COM  AND   CON—  THE  AFFIX  ING. 

45.  For  the  sake  of  rendering  Phonography  as  brief 
as  possible,  a  few  arbitrary  signs  are  used,  for  the  repre- 
sentation of  prefixes  and  syllables  in  such   words   as 
would   be  inconvenient  to  write  out  in  full.     Thus,  a 
light  dot  placed  at  the  beginning  of  a  word  expresses 
the  prefix    com  or  con;    as,     \^  condemn,    ^    console; 
^~^    compare. 

46.  A  similar  dot  placed  at  the  end  of  a  word  is 
used  to  represent  the  termination  ing,  when  a  separate 
syllable;  as,  «|  aiding,  ^~\      living.       Ring,  thing,  bring, 
&c.,  are  written  with  the  stroke  —  -.     It  is  often  more 


56  MANUAL   OF   PHONOGRAPHY. 

convenient,  especially  when  following  the  circle  s  or  up- 
stroke r,  to  write  the  alphabetic  ng;  as  \o>  passing, 
V^n^,  confessing,  / rising;  and  after  b,  bl,  br,  th, 

m;  as,^A ^nothing,  °~ ''seeming.        Generally  v — ? 

is  written  for  ings;  as  '^  _  beings,  /<k  rejoicings.  A 
dash  may  be  used  when  more  convenient;  as  j  do- 
ings, ^J  headings. 

47.  MP. — The  stroke  for  m  is  the  only  one  that  is 
not  given  in  the  alphabet  heavy  as  well  as  light;  and  in 
order  to  make  good  use  of  all  the  means  the  alphabet 
affords,  this  stroke  written  heavy  is  made  to  represent 
the  not  unfrequent  combination  of  m  with  p,  either  at 
the  beginning,  middle,  or  end  of  a  word;  thus,  C^ 
empire,  [^^^  temporary,  f~~  lamp. 

WRITING  EXERCISE  XI. 

Komit,  kompoz,  kompjl,  kompozig,  kombat,  kontaminat, 
kontenjus,  konvinsip,  konva,  konspjr,  konspirasi,  konsolatori, 
konsuljip,  konservatizm,  konjusnes; — paig,  hopig,  djig,  etig, 
goig,  lierig,  ferig. 

Pump,  tempi,  temporal,  damp,  jumpig,  rump,  tump,  sim- 
plifj,  simplisiti,  egzampl,  romp,  limp. 

CONSONANT  WORD-SIGNS. 

On  the  following  page  is  given  an  alphabetic  arrange- 
ment of  all  the  simple  consonant  word-signs.  Let  them 
be  copied  a  few  times  in  the  order  presented,  which,  in 
connection  with  the  powers  of  the  letters,  will  enable 
the  mind  to  recollect  the  words  for  which  they  stand. 
The  circle  s  may  be  added  to  any  consonant  sign  for  the 
formation  of  plural  nouns,  or  the  third  person  singular, 
present  tense,  of  verbs ;  thus,  v — 9  things,  4  advantages, 
— o  comes,  {  thinks. 


CONSONANT    WORD-SIGNS.  57 

CONSONANT  WORD-SIGNS. 

.,  /     i.  i  f  common 

\  up  it  /    which          —  -{ 

(  come 

\  be  I  do          /  advantage  -I  ° 

( together 

V   for          (    think        )  so  _J  shall 

V   have        \   them         j  was  J  usual-ly 

'      will  /   ^\are  c     he 


N  f  me,  my  f  in  •=-  f  thing 

{  him,  may    v — '  (no  ""  \  language 

A    .way  /"     your       - — -  $  iraportaut-ce 

}  improve-ment 

48.  In  the  above,  and  all  other  lists  of  word-signs, 
when  a  word  is  printed  with  a  hyphen,  as  give-n,  the  sign 
will  represent  either  the  whole  word,  or  only  so  much  as 
precedes  the  hyphen,  which  is,  by  itself,  another  word ; 
thus,          is   either  give   or  given.      Such   words  being 
nearly  alike  in  sound,  and  yet  different  parts  of  speech, 
or  otherwise  incapable  of  being  taken  one  for  the  other, 
cause  no  difficulty  to  the  reader. 

49.  Inasmuch  as  the  horizontal  strokes  do  not  fill 
the  space  which  a  line  of  writing   occupies,  they  are 
made  to  represent  two  words,  as  in  the  case  of  the  vowel 
word-signs,  one  above  the  line  and  the  other  on  the 
line — those  written  above  the  line  containing  first-place 
vowels;  those  on  the  line,  second  or  third-place. 

50.  There  are  but  three  exceptions  to  this  rule  of 
position,  (See  §16,)   namely:  any,  though  its  accented 
vowel  is  second-place,  is  written  above  the  line,  so  that 
if  left  unvocalized  it  will  not  be  confounded  with  no; 
him,  containing  a  first-place  vowel,  is  written  on  the  line 
to  keep  it  from  being  confounded  with  me;  men  is  writ- 
ten above,  to  keep  it  clear  of  man,  on  the  line. 


58 


MANUAL    OF    PHONOGRAPHY. 


READING  EXERCISE  XI. 


r 


O       v  -O        V 

>      ' 


v 
\ 

'v 

\o 


c 


N     A 


\  A  ^  A 

I.  y 

t.        / 


,  ,  v  (• 


\ 


C 

'       ' 


/M  I 


'> 


EXERCISE    AND    REVIEW.  59 


WRITING  EXERCISE  XII. 

IE  Ijk  'no'  kirjdom  'az'  j  'do>'  a  republik.  S'Dco'  da  'tigk' 
da  'vvil'  'kum'  'up'  'tia-de'  mqrk.  Q  foli$  'ov'  e  'Jud'  til  dj  sol 
'in'  dis  ho\i  tos.  Asperiti  loozez  'de'  qef  'ov'  'its'  dezjnz. 
'Hiz'  lazines  'iz'  eksesiv;  'he'  disljks  'hiz'  buks.  'Hiz'  fansi 
iz  'yti3H,aU'  riq,  'and'  'hiz'  dezjnz  fu?  'ov'  Ijf.  "5'Haz'  dis  juj 
'no'  justis.  Ouesti  'iz'  rjt  polisi.  '01'  eskap  'tia-de'  siti 
'iz'  hoples. 

1'Xwd'  *de'  nara  'be'  put  'on-de'  ^tsjd  'and'  'on-de'  top 
'ov-de'  boks.  1'Hs'  meni  'q,r'  'tu'  go.  'It'  'iz'  'too'  muq  'tu' 
besto  'on'  'dem'.  .iisn  'tu-de'  Zeson,  'and'  'be'  bizi,  'az'  a 


ber  'Jud'  'be'  'hot)'  aspj?-z    'tia'  'be'  at  'de'    hed  'ov-de'   skc 
Sinser  soro    'iz'   ezili   sen   besjd  fefe.     So/al  IjE  'givz'  muq 
hapines. 

(Isk  'no'  fasiliti  'in'  biznes  afajz,  un?es  'it'  'be'  nesesari. 
Sunset  seneri  Joz  riq  kulorz  'and'  handsum  Jadz;  'and'  'it' 
qanjez  intu  meni  varid  forinz.  .Ricjez  'q,r'  set  bj  sum,  'az'-'de' 
sors  'ov'  jer  'in'  dis  Ijf,  bekez  reali  nesesari,  'az'  da  supoz. 


REVIEW.— (37.)  What  are  the  second  forms  for  «  and  zf  (38.)  Where 
may  the  circle  be  written  ?  (39.)  On  which  side  of  the  vertical  and  in- 
clined strokes  is  it  turned  ?  Which  side  of  the  straight  horizontals  ? 
Which  side  of  all  the  curves  ?  How  is  it  written  between  two  strokes  ? 
(40.)  How  are  strokes  having  an  «-circle  vocalized?  If  there  be  an  initial 
circle  and  preceding  vowel,  what  is  the  order  of  reading  ?  If  vowels  both 
precede  and  follow,  what  is  the  order?  (41.)  How  many  cases  are  there 
where  the  stroke  s  must  be  used  ?  What  is  the  first?  second?  third?  and 
fourth?  (42.)  How  should  the  ss  in  the  same  syllable  be  written?  How 
«2?  (43.)  What  syllables  does  the  double  circle  represent?  What  is  the 
exception?  (44.)  What  are  the  sign-words  for  the  circle?  (45.)  What 
are  the  prefixes?  (46.)  What  is  the  affix?  When  is  it  more  convenient 
to  write  the  alphabetic  ng?  (47.)  What  is  the  signification  of  m  made 
heavy?  (48.)  Give  the  words  for  the  first  eight  consonant  signs  ;  for  the 
next  eight;  for  the  next  seven.  (49.)  What  is  the  rule  for  writing  words 
whoso  only  consonant  is  a  horizontal  one  ?  (50.)  What  are  the  three 
exceptions  ? 


IMPROPER   DIPHTHONGS—  TF-HOOK —TRIPHTHONGS. 

51.  The  improper  diphthongs  are  so  termed  because 
they  consist  of  the  union  of  consonants  with  vowels  ; 
namely,  w  and  y  with  each  of  the  twelve  vowels  ; — the 
improper  triphthongs  are  the  union  of  w  with  the  diph- 
thongs j,  ec,  and  TS.  The  fact  that  w  and  y  never  occur 
in  English  except  before  vowels,  and  thus  occur  so 
frequently,  induced  the  inventor  of  Phonography  to 
represent  each  of  the  combined  sounds  by  a  single 
letter,  and  thus  save  time  and  space  for  the  writer. 

TF-SERIES. 

THE  DOT  GROUP.  THE  DASH  GROUP. 


long.  short. 

cl  ci 

|  we  I  wi 

ej  wa  c|  we 

ci  wq,  <)  wa 


long.  short. 

•"  Ji 

i  we  j  wo 

3|   WQ  >i   WU 


WO)  ':      WU 


52.  To  obtain  suitable  characters  for  the  representa- 
tion of  the  to-series,  a  small  circle  is  divided  perpendicu- 
larly, thus  V,  the  first  or  left-hand  half  of  the  circle 
representing  the  union  of  w  with  the  first,  or  dot  series 
of  vowels;  and  like  them  it  is  made  heavy  for  the  long 
sounds;  as  c\  weep,  <•/  wage,  ^  quam;  and  light 
for  the  short;  as  /  witch,  \/^~  dwell,  c  wag. 

'760)"          


IMPROPER    DIPHTHONGS.  61 

53.  The  second  half  of  the  circle  represents  the 
union  of  w  with  the  second,  or  dash  series  of  vowels, 
heavy  and  light;  as  v— -v  warm,  A^  wove,  V_  woof,  / 
watch,  *\ — ^worm,  J  would. 

54  The  first  place  sign  of  the  second  series  of  diph- 
thongs, both  long  and  short,  when  followed  by  k,  up- 
stroke r,  or  n,  is  written  in  connection  with  such  conso- 
nants; thus,2 —  walk,  >/x^  war,  ^ — •"  wan. 

55.  These  signs  should  be  written  as  small  as  they 
well  can  be  and  preserve  distinct  semi-circles;  and,  like 
the  proper  diphthongs,  they  must  always  be  written 
vertically,  and  not  change  with  the  different  inclinations 
of  the  consonants. 

«£  ^"* 

READING  EXERCISE  XII. 


WRITING  EXERCISE  XIII. 

Wek,  wat,  wav,  weknes,  bewal,  swar,  aswaj,  wajez; — widt, 
wet,  wq,ft,  wiked,  swel,  kwak,  ekwiti,  akwies,  religkwij. 

Woker,  wok,  wo>d,  wermli,  kwota,  kworum; — woe,  wud, 
wojig,  skwolid,  swornp.  vr***"' 

Werljk,  werfa^r,  werti,  wekigstik. 


62  MANUAL   OP   PHONOGRAPHY. 

56.  THE    TF-HOOK. — The  half  circle,  light,  is  joined  to 
the  first  end  of  Z,  up-stroke  r,  m,  and  n,  to  represent  the 
simple  sound  of  w;  the  stroke  to  which  it  is  written  is 
then  vocalized  as  in  the  case  of  the  s-circle;  thus,  j" 
wail,  <//  worry,     ^~^^~7^'   womanly,  ^^>  wane. 

57.  The  alphabetic  sign   must  always  be  employed 
when  w  is  the  only  consonant  in  a  word,  (except  in  the 
word-sign   c  we;)  and  in  words  that  commence  with  a 
vowel,  followed  by  w;  and  also  when  w  is  followed  by  s; 
thus,      }woe,     )* awake,    *V«     Wesley. 


READING  EXERCISE  XIII. 
•  0        <z^s     c/ 

&  ft  °l'  "f 


WRITING  EXERCISE  XIV. 

fj(^ 

Walirj,  wel,  wilii)li,  Wi?son,  k^vel,  ekwali;  —  "Woles,  \\-uli; 
—  weri,  bewa/,  \va.r/iss,  werisum;  —  kworel,  wurk,  wurkman- 
Jip,  wurjip,  wurfeles,  wurdili. 


Wompum,  wuman^ik,  skweniijnes;  —  windo,  kwenq,  twenti, 
tvvinj,  entwjn.  Wjr,  kweri,  inkwjr,  wel-beig,  skwolor,  elo- 
kwens-,  ekwanimiti. 

W<D,  aw^r,  wjzli. 


TRIPHTHONGS.  63 


TRIPHTHONGS. 

""JWJ  "^Wff  ^VTS 

58.  The  characters  with  which  to  represent  the  com- 
bination   of  w  with   the    diphthongs,   are    obtained  by 
dividing  a  small  square  thus,    c^ ;  the  left-hand  right- 
angle,  in  the  first  position,  representing  the   triphthong 
wi,  the  other,  in  the  first  position,  woi,  and  in  the  third, 
woiv;  thus,  Ll^_  wife,  ^    )  quoit.     Since  the  introduction 
of  the  tc-hook  to  r,  I,  m,  n,  the  wow  character  is  not 
needed  in  writing  English.     Sometimes  L  may  be  con- 
nected with  the  following  consonant;  as  |  wide,   \_  wife. 

59.  By  placing  the  aspirate  before  these  improper 
diphthongs  and  triphthongs,  we  get  the  proper  represen- 
tation of  the  first  two  sounds  in  such  words  as  wheat, 
whig,  while,   (the  w  coming   before   the  h  in   the  old 
orthography  being   an   inversion  of  the   order   of  the 
elements  in  speaking  the  words;)  thus,  'c]  wheat,   - — 
whig. 

60.  When  the  w-hook  is  used,  the  aspirate  is  indi- 
cated  by   making   the   hook  heavy ;   thus,    .£~  wheel, 
tS^^  wherefore.     But  when  the  alphabetic  w  is  em- 
ployed, the  aspirate  is  indicated  by  a  small  tick,  thus, 
^V  tvhiz. 

HEADING  EXERCISE  XIV. 


64  MANUAL    OP    PHONOGRAPHY. 

WRITING  EXERCISE  XV. 

Wjvz,  kwjet,  wjdnes,  kwjetnes,  kwei,  Irikwer. 

H\vip,  hwjt,  hwigeri; — hw^rbj,  hwa.rwid,  hwajat,  hwerlpool, 
enihw^r,  nohwa_r; — hwelbarQ,  hwtlrjt,  h\va?er,  hwimzikaliti, 
hwelm; — hweus,  hwjn; — hwiskcr,  hwislcr. 

W  WORD-SIMS, 
c  c  > 

C  5 

we  were  with  what  would 

^ L_  __^_       _t/__        _C^ 

why         while  when  one         where         well 

61.  These  word-signs,  like  the  simple  vowel-signs, 
are  to  be  written  above  or  on  the  line,  as  their  positions 
in  the  table  indicate* 


BEADING  EXERCISE  XV. 


c      \   -\  r 

n  x      /   \    a 


v  C 


EXERCISE   ON   IMPROPER   DIPHTHONGS.  65 


T 


r 

6       x  ^-^/: 


**  L. .  ^n:  x .  "7  MA  .> 


WRITING  EXERCISE  XVI. 

Bewqr  ov-de'  wjn  kup.  d  wjz  qers.  'We'  'wud'  'be'  hapi 
Avid'  'hiz'  kumpani.  'Hw^'  'Jud'  'we'  kil  'and'  et  swjn? 
'Hwot'  'iz'  'hiz'  wij,  'and'  'hw^r'  'wud'  'he'  go?  'Hwj',  o! 
'hwj',  'mi'  sol,  dis  aggwij. 

go  awa  'hw^r'  agzieti,  wo  'and'  apkjus  tel  asal  no  'wun'. 
'  j  'wer'  at  horn.     Wer  wurks  mizeri,  'hwjl'  pes  'givz' 
kqm  repoz  'tu'  'el'. 


66  MANUAL   OP   PHONOGRAPHY. 


r-SERIES. 

THE  DOT  GROUP.  THE  DASH  GROUP. 


long.  short. 

wl  ye  vl  yi 

•  i 

«j  ya  vi  ye 


long.  short. 

1   ye  ]  jo 


yo  H  yu 

yo>  ft!  y^ 


62.  To  obtain  characters  to  represent  the  ^-series  of 
improper    diphthongs,    the   small   circle   is   taken    and 
divided  horizontally,  thus,  —  Q—  ;  the  under  half  repre- 
sents the  dot  group  of  vowels,  and  is  made  heavy  for  the 
long  sounds;  as,  w^\  year,  ^  Yale,  w)    Yazoo;  and  light 
for  the  short;  as,  ")  yis,  (a  common  but  not  approved 
pronunciation  of  yes,~)    /^~   yell,   ^-^  yam;    the   upper 
half  represents  the  union  of  y  with  the  dash  group  of 
vowels,  heavy  and  light;  as,  A/^  yawl,    A    yoke,  n]  use; 
—  '  yoni    -<^  y°ungj  y  never  occurs  before  u,  in  the 
English  language. 

63.  In  writing,  the  same  rules  must  be  observed  in 
regard  to  these  signs  as  with  the  w-series.     (§52.) 

U  r\ 

64.  WORD-SIGNS.  —  _____  _v  ___________________  A  ________ 

ye,       yet,     beyond,        you. 
years, 


READING  EXERCISE  XVI. 


EXERCISES   ON   IMPROPER   DIPHTHONGS. 


67 


WRITING  EXERCISE  XVII. 

Yerli,  yen,  yerlig,  yeloij,  yelpii),  yomanri,  Yokigani,  yutjij, 
NH,  York,  hijj,  si\i,  anHj,z,  redq,s,  dq,ti,  refi|,z,  kontq,raeli, 
aim^a!. 

'els'  ycofi  'ov'  -sr  komiyiiti  'Jud'  eq  qooz  sura  fqr  egzampl, 
'and'  t'olo  'it'  kontinynali.  Pij,r  simplisiti  'givz'  'me'  ']&.  cLis 
Manyq,al  'Jud'  'be'  'yo>r'  gjd.  'It'  'iz'  a  wurk  'ov'  yij,tiliti. 

READING  EXERCISE  XVII. 


68  MANUAL   OP   PHONOGRAPHY. 

WRITING  EXERCISE  XVIII. 

Nq,  Yerk  'iz'  a  popynlus  siti.  'Yco'  'no'  'ha>'  j  am  'yet'  j 
am  at  a  los  'tu'  spek  'ya>r'  nam.  Hiimaniti  'Jud'  liv  'in*  pes 
'az'  'wun'  korminiti;  da  'Jud'  dwel  'tugeder'  'in'  'el-de'  erti 
'in'  hq,rraoni  'and'  luv.  If  'yo>'  mak  falyqrz  'in'  dqti,  'yoo' 
'wil'  resev  'de'  laj  'ov'  justis.  'cEe'  m^z-bo1  arnqzez  himself 
'hwjl'  wekig.  Ho  yes!  ho  yes!  sez  'de'  yug  bel-riger.  'cle' 
yok  'ov-ds'  oks  'iz'  hevi;  'it'  gelz  'hiz'  nek  dis  werm  da.  'In' 
daz  'ov'  yor,  'hwen'  'we'  'wer'  yug. 

'We'  'yiigu,ali'  'giv'  'dem'  at  -yrz  'fer'  slep,  twelv  'for5  wurk, 
'and'  for  'hwiq'  da  'ma'  'impro>v'  'in'  eni  *wa'.  '<Ie'  berz  j  am 
teqig  'q,r'  dezjrus  'ov'  'improovment' ;  da  sem  'tu'  'tigk'  'in'  dis 
'wa' — 'hwot'  'iz'  wurt  dooig  at  'el'  'iz'  wurt  dcnig  'wel'.  $  hop 
da  'wil'  elwaz  liv  'up'  'tu.'  dis  maksim,  'so'  'Jal'  da  'hav'  suk- 
ses  'in'  Ijf.  Sun,  'giv'  'me'  'yo&r'  er,  'and'  j  'wil'  teq  'yoo'  'de' 
'wa'  'ov'  Ijf.  Legt  'ov'  daz  'iz'  'givn'  us  'for'  sojal  'and'  re- 
lijus  'improovment'. 

REVIEW. — (51.)  Explain  the  improper  diphthongs,  the  triphthongs. 
(52.)  How  are  those  of  the  Miseries  represented?  Which  series  of  vowels, 
combined  with  w,  does  the  left-hand  half  of  the  circle  represent?  (53.) 
What  are  the  sounds  of  the  right-hand  half  of  the  circle?  (54.)  To  what 
consonants  may  the  signs  for  waw  and  tw  be  written  without  lifting  the 
pen?  (55.)  How  should  these  signs  be  written?  (56.)  To  what  strokes 
does  the  w  semi-circle  connect  and  form  a  hook?  On  which  side  of  the 
up-stroke  r  is  it  written?  How  does  it  differ  in  power  from  the  improper 
diphthongs?  (57.)  When  must  the  alphabetic  w  be  employed?  (58.) 
Describe  the  representation  of  the  triphthongs.  (59.)  What  is  the  pho- 
nographic representation  of  wh?  (60.)  How  is  the  w-hook  aspirated? 
(61.)  Designate  the  first  line  of  word -signs;  the  second. 

(62.)  What  are  the  signs  to  represent  the  y-series?  Which  half  of  the 
circle  represents  the  dot  series?  What  are  their  sounds?  What  are  the 
sounds  of  the  upper  half?  (63.)  How  are  they  to  be  witten  to  the  con- 
sonants? (64.)  What  are  the  word-signs? 


6. 


INITIAL  HOOKS  — THE  i-HOOK  EXPLAINED. 

65.  A  peculiar  characteristic  of  I  and  r  is,  that  they 
readily  unite  with  preceding  consonants — they  flow  back 
into  them,  as  it  were ;  and  hence  their  classification  as 
liquids.     This  union,  though  a  kind  of  double  sound,  is 
formed  by  little  more  than  a  single  effort  of  the  voice. 
Take,  for  illustration,  the  two  words  play  and  pray,  and 
observe  how  simultaneously  the  pi  and  pr  are  spoken ; 
so  in  the  termination  of  the  words  title  and  acre;  in  the 
former  class  of  words  no  vowel  sound  comes  between  the 
two  consonants,  of  course ;  in  the  latter  a  very  indistinct 
one  is  heard,  but  which  it  is  not  necessary  to  represent 
in  Phonography. 

66.  The  most  philosophical  and  brief  way  of  repre- 
senting these  combinations  is  undoubtedly  by  some  dis- 
tinct and   uniform  modification    of   the   simple  letters. 
The  modification  adopted  for  the  I  is  that  of  a  hook 
written  thus: 

\  P,  \  pi;          |   «,   f  tl;         ^  /,  ^  /,    etc. 

67.  As  the  long  consonants  are  heard  first  in  the 
words,  consistency  would  seem  to  require  that  they  be 
written  first  and  the  hooks  afterward;  but  the  reverse  of 
this  is  the  case,  for  the  reason  that  hooks  on  the  termi- 
nation   of   strokes   may   be   more   philosophically    and 
advantageously  employed  for   other  purposes;   and  be- 

(6V)"" 


70 


MANUAL   OF   PHONOGRAPHY. 


sides,  pi,  tl,  kl,  fl,  &c.,  being  considered  single  sounds 
almost,  the  stroke  and  the  hook  must  be  regarded  as  an 
indivisible  sign ;  they  should  actually  be  spoken  as  such 
in  spelling  and  reading,  i.  e.,  as  the  final  syllables  in 
appfe  (pi),  little  (tl),  muffle  (/),  fic&Ze  (kl);  an(*  not  as 
p,  1;  t,  I;  f,  I;  7c,  I.  A  distinction  is  thus  made  between 
p,  I  pronounced  as  two  letters,  and  pi  pronounced  as 
one ;  the  former  suggests  \/"~,  and  the  latter  ^  . 

68.  To  assist  the  pupil  in  remembering  these  hooks, 
it  may  be  observed,  that  if  the  ?eft  hand  be  held  up, 
with  the  first  finger  bent,  the  outline  of  tl  will  be  seen ; 
and  by  turning  the  hand  round  in  the  various  positions 
assumed  by  the  letters,  p,  t,  ch,  Jc,  all  the  double  conso- 
nants of  the  pi  series  will  be  formed  j  thus, 


r\         chl 


I  f 

TABLE  OF  THE  Z-HOOK. 
f    tl  X°  chl  _  kl 


zhl) 


struck  up. 


69.  The  hook  is  first  turned,  and  then  the  long  con- 
sonant struck  in  the  usual  manner.  The  Z-hook,  like 
the  s-circle,  is  made  on  the  right-hand  side  of  the  verti- 
cal and  inclined  straight  strokes,  on  the  upper  side  of 
the  straight  horizontals,  and  on  the  inside  of  the  curves. 


THE      i-HOOK.  71 


70.  This  hook  to  the  strokes  s,  z,  down-stroke  r,  and 
ng,  is  not  needed,  since  for  si  and  zl,  the  circle  is  used 
with  more  advantage;  as,  £    slay,  /^b~  muscle;  and  the 
initial  hook  to  I,  up-stroke  r,  m,  and  n,  is  more  useful 
as  w.    (§56) 

71.  The  sh  and  zli  take  the  Z-hook  only  when  they 
are  combined  with  other  stroke  consonants,  and  then 
they  are  struck  upward;  thus,  ')^LJ  essential, 

72.  The  stroke  and  the  hook  being  considered  as  one 
sign,  are  vocalized  as  though  no  hook  were  used;  and  in 
writing,  if  a  vowel  precedes  a  hooked  stroke  it  is  written 
before  it;  thus,  «\  able,    \_  evil;  and  if  the  vowel  fol- 
lows, it  must  be  placed  after;  thus,   \  play,  -.  a   close; 
or  a  vowel   may  be  written  both  before  and  after;  thus 
SN^    ably,  VP    idler,  declare,    .  •  o     ^ — s  exclaim. 

73.  In  some  combinations  of  consonants  it  is  difficult 
to  make  a  good  Z-hook,  but  it  can  generally  be  under- 
stood, as  in  the  word  /s\  reply;  in   some  cases,  how- 
ever, it  is  more  convenient  to  write  the  long  I;  as  in 
— 'Qf~  accessible. 

The  learner  must  remember  that  the  hook  I  is  to  be 
used  only  when  its  sound  follows  a  preceding  stroke 
consonant ;  hence  Ip,  Id,  Ik,  &c.,  must  be  written  with 
the  stroke  I. 

BEADING  EXERCISE  XVIII. 

V        \«         S.  ^'          0,  <= — \^^       </  c — !• 

\0        N_^  >*.      V^x      e__  >o  J 

— '  ^  \  /^ 

I  A~\  \ 


72  MANUAL   OF   PHONOGRAPHY. 

WRITING  EXERCISE  XIX. 

Pla,  bio,  gle,  flj,  ply,  aplj,  obljj,  aflikt,  Bibl,  tjtl,  kupl, 
plenti,  blazez,  klcisez,  regal,  fikl,  reklam,  inflam,  reracoval, 
fatal,  radikal,  klerikal,  bujel,  espejal,  mqrjal,  infliienjal. 

VOCALIZING  THE  Z-HOOK. 

74.  It  has   been   stated,    (§65)  that   the    Z-hook   is 
designed  to  be  used  when  no  vowel  comes  between  the 
sound    of  I  and  a  preceding   consonant,   or  when   the 
vowel  is  but  indistinctly  heard ;    as,  V    fle&i  c clay, 

\oapples,  ^~°  eagles;  but  it  is  found  very  convenient, 
occasionally,  to  take  a  little  license  with  the  rule,  and 
use  the  hook  even  where  a  vowel  sound  is  distinctly 
heard  between  it  and  the  stroke.  Thus,  in  writing  the 
word  falseJiood,  it  is  much  easier  and  quicker  to  write 
the  hook  I,  thus,  \p  than  thus,  \./| 

75.  When  this  is  done,  a  peculiar  scheme  of  vocali- 
zation is  resorted  to;  namely,  the  dot  vowels  are  indi- 
cated by  a  small  circle   placed  in  the  three  positions, 
before  the  stroke  for  the  long,  and  after  for  the   short 
vowels;  as  Ln  delusive,  f °  till,  /?~~°  legal;  when  the  dash 
vowels  are  to   be  read  between  the  stroke  and  the  hook, 
it  is  indicated  by  striking  the  dash  through  the  stroke ; 
as      '~\  culpable;  or  when  its  place  is  at  the  hooked  end 
it  may  be  written  just  before  the  hooked  stroke;  thus, 
fX^  tolerable;   the    diphthongs,    when    necessary,    are 
written  as  the  stroke  vowels;  thus     ./*v  childish,    (See 
§110)  Je— \^_    qualify. 

This  method  of  writing  is  used  to  a  very  limited 
extent ;  and  the  learner  is  cautioned  against  using  it  for 
any  words  but  such  as  are  designated,  in  this  and  subse- 
quent lessons,  to  be  written  thus. 


Z-HOOK   AND   THE   CIRCLE.  73 

HEADING  EXERCISE  XIX. 


WRITING  EXERCISE  XX. 

Felsiti,  fo&lskap,  felo-sitizenz,  fulnes,  fulminat,  vulgat, 
filosofikal,  voluptyi^us,  konvulsiv  kolonial,  galvanik,  kalam- 
iti,  kolekk 


£-HOOK  PRECEDED  BY  THE  ^-CIRCLE. 

76.  The  s-circle  is  prefixed  to  the  compound  conso- 
nant signs,  as  well  as  to  the  simple.     It  is  first  written, 
and  the  pen  carried  round  so  as  to  form  the  hook  before 
making  the  long  sign;  thus,   ^\  supple,  ,/^  sachel,  ^p 
civilize. 

77.  No   new   rules   are   required   for  vocalizing;  it 
needs  only  to  be  borne  in  mind  when-  the  long  s  is  to  be 
used  (§41);  and  that  the  stroke  and  hook  are  considered 
as  one  sign,  and  if  the  vowel  is  heard  before  them  it  is 
written  before  them;  if  after,  it  is  written  afterward;  as 
in  the  previous  examples. 

78.  In  reading,   the  circle   is   read   first,  then   the 
vowel,  if  one  precedes  the  compound  stroke;  and  lastly 
the  compound   consonant,  with  its  following  vowel,  if 
there  be  one,  as  in  civilize  above.    . 

79.  WORD-SIGNS.—  ^~ -call,  c difficulty,  ^  full, 

I   till  and  tell,  ^  value. 


MANUAL   OP   PHONOGRAPHY 


READING  EXERCISE  XX. 


X       . 


EXERCISE   ON   THE    L-HOOK,    AND   REVIEW.  75 


WRITING  EXERCISE  XXI. 

Setl,  sjdl,  sutlti,  siviliti,  siklz,  supines,  siviljzirj,  swiv?, 
spljsiy,  pest'ul,  posibl,  fiklnes,  fezibl,  advjzabl,  displaig, 
disklozez. 

NOTE.—  In  the  following  exercise,  I  is  italicized  when  it  is  to  be  writ- 
ten with  the  hook. 


S.  —  *M?nes  'iz'  a  p?ag  'tu-<!e'  skolar,  'fer'  unles  'he' 
ap?jz  himself  kZosli  'tu'  'hiz'  buks,  'he'  Icozez  'ol'  klara  'tu-ds' 
apZez  'ov'  'hiz'  famili  'er'  'hiz'  ofija?  superior.  'It'  'iz'  Jamfu?; 
'fer'  'he'  'Jud'  rekofekt  hs  'hiz'  famili  'hav'  a  rjt  'tia'  luk 
'fer'  sumtirj  yi[sfuZ  'in'  'him'  'tu'  repa  'dem'  'fer'  terl  'and'  arjz  j- 
eti.  'It'  'iz'  unreznab?;  'fer'  unles  'he'  'giv'  'up'  'hiz'  evil  'wa' 
'and'  'doo'  'hiz'  diiti  fatfia^i,  'no'  Wesirj  awats  him,  'but'  'he' 
'iz'  dispfezig  'tu'  'hiz'  ktas-feloz,  'tu'  himself,  'and'  'tu'  'el' 
pepL  Fjnali,  'it'  'iz'  efuZ;  'fer'  jd?  habits  'q,r'  apt  'tu'  bekum 
wurs,  'and'  'de'  eviZ  'wun'  "elwaz  misqif  seks  'fer'  idl  yoot  'tu' 
'do>'."  'But'  'de'  skolar  'ha>'  fatfuZi  ap?iz  himself  'tu'  wurk, 
'wil'  ob?ij  'him'  'hat'  tecjez  'him',  'a,nd'  plsz  'el'  pep/  'ho>'  'no' 
'him'. 

REVIEW.—  (65.)  Explain  the  peculiar  character  of  I  and  r.  (66.) 
What  is  the  contracted  form  of  representing  them?  (67.)  How  are  strokes 
with  I  and  r-hooks  to  be  spoken?  (68.)  How  may  you  remember  the  po- 
sition of  the  hook?  (69.)  On  which  side  of  the  vertical  and  inclined 
straight  strokes  is  the  Z-hook  written?  Which  side  of  the  straight  hori- 
zontals? Which  side  of  the  curves?  (70.)  To  which  of  the  strokes  is  the 
Z-hook  not  written,  and  why?  (71.)  How  do  sh  and  eh  take  the  £-hook? 
(72.)  How  are  Z-hook  strokes  vocalized?  (74.)  What  is  said  about  a 
vowel  sound  between  the  stroke  consonant  and  the  hook?  (75.)  How  are 
vowels  of  the  dot  series  represented  in  the  scheme  for  vocalizing  the  hook? 
How  the  dash  series?  How  the  diphthongs?  (76.)  How  may  the  ^-circle 
be  written  to  the  hooked  strokes?  (78.)  What  is  the  rule  for  reading 
such  compound  strokes?  (79.)  What  are  the  ^-hook  word-signs? 


7. 


.  .        THE  R-ROOK  —  DOUBLE  CURVE  FOR    THR. 

80.  If  the  right  hand  be  held  up,  with  the  first 
finger  bent,  the  outline  of  tr  will  be  seen,  and  by  turn- 
ing the  hand  round  to  the  following  positions,  all  the 
double  consonants  of  the  pr  series  will  be  produced. 


pr 


chr 


J« 


Jcr  C 

TABLE  OF  THE  #-HOOK. 
1  tr  X7  chr 

1  dr  /jr 

1  thr 


kr 


vr 


J  shr  ^ 

>•  struck  down, 
thr  zhr  J 


mr 


81.  The  r-hook  is  written  on  the  left-hand  side  of 
the  vertical  and  inclined  straight  strokes,  and  on  the 
under  side  of  the  straight  horizontals — just  the  reverse 
of  the  Z-hook. 


(7f) 


THE   /?-HOOK.  77 


82.  It  will  be  seen  from  the  table  that  /,  v,  th,  and  th 
take   the   r-hook  by   assuming  inverted   positions   and 
occupying  the  places  of  r,  w,  s,  and  z;  thus,  "^  free,  <7\ 
over,     j  through,     J    either,  which  they  canxdo  without 
ambiguity,  since  these  letters  never  receive  an  initial 
hook.     In  this  there  is  an  apparent  disorder,  but,  when 
properly   viewed,   they  are  in   strict  analogy  with   the 
straight  consonants.     If  the  character  \  pi  be  cut  out 
in  a  piece  of  paper  or  card,  and  then  turned  over,    \  pr 
is  produced ;  in  the  same  way  v  fl->  if  cut  in  card,  and 
reversed,  gives  ^  fr. 

83.  To  indicate  the  r-hook%  on  m  and  n,  the  strokes 
are  made  heavy,  which  distinguishes  them  from  wm  wn; 
thus,    ^_^    honor,    J       dinner,   j— /TV-  grammar',    and   as 
neither  mp  nor  ng  take  any  hook,  it  will   not  lead  to 
any  confusion. 

Sometimes  this  hook,  like  the  Z-hook,  has  to  be  made 
rather   indistinctly,   as  [_ degree,  J ascribe.      After 

_J  the  downward  r  is  used  instead  of  the  hook,  as  ^A 
shaker.  i 

84.  The  remarks  in  regard  to  vocalizing  the  Z-hook 
strokes  apply  in  every  particular  to  the  r-hook  strokes. 
It  should  especially  be  borne  in  mind  that  the  hooked 
strokes  are  regarded  as  one  letter,  and  spoken  as  the  last 
syllable  in  reaper,  letfer,  acre,  &c.,  and  not  as  p,  r;  t,  r; 
Jc,  r,  &c.;  and  that  as  a  general  thing  the  hook  is  only 
used  when  no  distinct  vowel  sound  comes  between  an- 
other consonant  and  a  following  r;  as  in    \  pray,  c    T 
crew,  -1  utter,  f^)  leisure. 

85.  When    |  tr  is  preceded  by     j  (waw),  they  may 
be  united  :  as  in   ^    water,  and  all  its  compounds. 


78  MANUAL   OF   PHONOGRAPHY. 


READING  EXERCISE  XXI. 


WRITING  EXERCISE  XXII. 

T)ri,  ire,  <ira,  krj,  gro,  aker,  odor,  uper,  aprjz,  £Tpril,  apro>v, 
drera,  brij,  frek,  Frjda,  mcnver,  klover,  tro,  ga4er,  eragur, 
plumer,  murder,  maner,  onorabl,  overluk,  everihwqr,  krim- 
inal,  purqasez,  transpoz,  trembl,  bruder,  jurni,  jurual,  framer, 
wunderful.  6eker,  joker. 


86.  A  limited  license  is  taken  with  the  above  rule, 
(§84)  as  in  the  case  of  the  Z-hook,  and  the  r-hook  is  some- 
times used  when  a  distinct  vowel  sound  comes  between  it 
and  the  previous  consonant;  in  which  case  the  same  pecu- 
liar scheme  of  vocalization  is  employed;  thus,  °3-.  Dear- 
Sl'r>  XL_^  person,  c-H>  course,  /~  require,  \  posture. 

<T> 

READING  EXERCISE  XXII. 


TIIE     -R-HOOk.  79 


WRITING  EXERCISE  XXIII. 

Gerful,  kajles,  merli,  nerli,  6q,rlz,  qqrkol,  paragraf,  Jq,rk, 
Jqrper,  terni,  pervers,  korsli,  moraliti,  nert,  nurij,  enermiti, 
preliminari,  £etyu,r. 

THE  fl-HOOK  PRECEDED  BY  THE   S-CIRCLE. 

87.  The  s-circle  precedes  the  r-hook  in  much   the 
same  manner  as  it  does  the  Z-hook;  thus,  it  might  be 
written    6\  spr,  G  —  skr;  but  since  the  s-circle  alone 
never  occupies  the  r-hook  side  of  the  straight  strokes, 
advantage  is  taken  of  the  circumstance,  since  a  circle  is 
more   easily  written  than  a  circle  and  a  hook,  to  write 
simply  the  circle;  thus,  j*  stray,  °    '    x  scream,  vcj  cider, 
jj-L-    succor,  ^  sieger.      But  with  the  curves  this  con- 
traction cannot  be  made,  since  the«imple  s-circle  occu- 
pies the  place;  hence  the  circle  and  ho.ok  must  both  be 
written;  thus    /^  suffer,  <rs  summer,  ^-'  sinner. 

88.  "When  the  s-circle  and  r-hook  come  between  two 
straight  consonants,  it  is  often  more  convenient  to  write 

the  hook  .in  addition  to  the  circle  than  not;  as  in  V 

—  L~cn  \ 

prosper,        \  ,  extra. 

89.  The  same  rules  are  to  be  observed  in  vocalizing 
and  reading  that  were  given  for  the  Z-hook  preceded  by 
the  s-circle,  (§77,  §78.) 


READING  EXERCISE  XXIII. 

cr-\v 
Vo 


CK  o\ 

r^P          ^. 


X 


80  MANUAL    OF   PHONOGRAPHY. 

WRITING  EXERCISE  XXIV. 

Sprj,  stra,  strjk,  strem,  skrap,  skroopl,  skrjb,  stregt,  strugl, 
stranj,  stronger,  super,  saber,  siipremasi,  sekresi,  sjfer,  siiferig, 
sever,  siraer,  sconer. 

THE  DOUBLE  CURVE  FOR  THE,  TR  AND  DR. 
90.  When  a  curved  stroke  is  repeated,  an  angle  is 
made  between  the  two  ;  thus,  S^_  ff,  ^~~^~s  nn,  which 
leaves  at  liberty,  to  be  used  for  soin'e  other  purpose,  the 
double-length  strokes.  A  somewhat  arbitrary,  though 
convenient  use,  is  made  of  them  thus  :  Doubling  the 
length  of  a  curved  stroke,  adds  the  syllable  thr,  Ir  dr 
to  the  strokes;  thus,  V^.  father,  ^-j—  ^  another.  These 
forms  are  used  chiefly  as  word-signs  for  father,  motJier, 
neither  (above  the  Ime,)  another,  rather,  further,  letter. 

91.  —  £-HOOK  WORD-SIGNS- 
\  principle-al  i  from  J/  sure 

\  re-member  >  every  ^/  pleasure 

(  Mr.,  re-mark 


n 

truth 


three 

Cmore 


)    there,  their   ^  __  /  nor,   near 
READING  EXERCISE  XXIV. 


1. 


EXERCISE   ON    THE   £-HOOK. 


81 


r  L  .  ~N  t  r  oi_, 


\         \ 


T  V    1     I*         ^  k.    c 

I    .    >  —   I  x    V  -~^—-       d^- 


,  > 


-v^  •"    .f   -     «   ) 


^9 


82  MANUAL   OP   PHONOGRAPHY. 


NOTE. — In  the  following  exercise  r  is  italicized  when  it  is  to  be  written 
with  the  hook. 

WRITING  EXERCISE  XXV. 

S8BTUSNES  AND  SQBMSTL— Nutig  nobl  iz  tu  be  had 
but  wid  seriusnes  and  sobrjeti.  Q  sober  person  seks  tu  wa  de 
tro>  'valyu/  ov  tigz  and  tu  la  no  tregu/z  in  trjflz,  but  'rader' 
on  hwot  iz  'important.'  "Nutig,  perhaps,  strjks  us  az  so  stranj 
and  fcolif  az  tu  notis  pepl  serius  abxt  trjflz,  and  trjflig  wid 
serius  tigz.  Sosjeti  sut'erz  konsiderabli  bj  de  tr^fler,  ho>  hats 
sobrjeti  and  seriusnes,  and  wud  sooner  hav  foli  tu  ran  siiprem. 
Supljd  wid  strez  tu  pla  wid,  he  suferz  de  strem  ov  lif  tu  flo 
awa,  until  det  puts  in  hiz  sikl,  and  separats  de  strig  ov  Ijf. 
NV  iz  no  tjm  fer  sukor  er  eskap.  He  strjks  wid  stregfl  and 
unerig  am;  strips  him  ov  el  hiz  plez,  stro>z  hiz  hops  intu  de 
a.r,  and  a  strugl  klozez  hiz  karer. 

It  iz  bot  untrco  and  stranj  tu  konstroo  seriusnes  intu  sadnes, 
er  tu  konsider  sobrjeti  de  sam  az  unhapines;  fer  it  iz  ska_rsli 
posibl  tu  be  properli  ga  er  tro>li  hapi,  unles  we  no  hwen  tu 
be  sober. 


KEVIE'W. — (80.)  How  will  you  remember  the  form  of  the  r-hook?  (81. ) 
On  which  side  of  the  straight  strokes  is  the  r-hook  written?  (82.)  What 
strokes  do  not  take  the  r-hook?  In  what  way  do  /,  v,  th,  th,  take  the 
r-hook?  Explain  this  irregularity.  (83.)  How  do  m  and  n  take  this 
hook?  (84.)  What  is  said  about  vocalizing?  How  do  you  name  the  strokes 
of  the  r-hook?  (86.)  What  is  the  license  in  regard  to  the  use  of  the 
r-hook?  Explain  the  peculiar  scheme  of  vocalization.  (87.)  How  is  the 
«-cirele  prefixed  to  the  straight  r-hook  strokes?  How  to  the  curves?  (90.) 
What  is  effected  by  doubling  the  length  of  curved  strokes?  (91.)  Des- 
ignate the  first  four  word-signs;  the  next  four;  the  last  three. 


8 


TERMINAL  HOOKS. 

92.  Since  the  hooked  strokes,  although  representing 
two  elementary  sounds,  are  written  with  nearly  the  same 
facility  as  the  simple  strokes,  the  method  of  hooking  is 
applied  to  the  termination  of  the  consonant  signs  as  well 
as  to  the  beginning.     The  most  useful  purposes  which 
the  two  terminal  hooks  can  subserve,  are  to  represent 
the  frequent  sounds  of  n,  /and  v,  and   the   common   final 
syllable   tion,  heard    in   such  words    as  nation,  passion, 
physician,  &c. 

TABLE   OF  THE  aV-HOOK. 

\  pn  J  tn  S  chn  —  ^  kn 

\bn  J  dn  /jn  -^  g* 

Vofn  (>  thn  J  sn 

Vi  vn  (^  thn  J  zn 

^  rn  /  r^(T 

s^*  mn  *^>  nn  \  wn  f  yn 

** 

93.  On  the  straight  strokes  the  rc-hook  is  written  on 
the  left-hand  side  of  the  vertical  and  inclined,  and  on 
the  under  side  of  the  horizontal  strokes,  embracing,  of 
course,   the   up-stroke   r  ;    while   on   the   curves   it  is 


84  MANUAL   OP   PHONOGRAPHY. 

written  on  the  inner  or  concave  side,  whether  to  the  left 
or  right;  as  illustrated  in  the  preceding  table. 

94.  The  w-hook  might  be  written  on  all  the  strokes; 
but  on  the  ng  it  would  seldom,  if  ever,  be  of  any  advan- 
tage.    The  w-hook  to  the  n  answers  every  purpose  that 
an  n-hook  to  the  w  would. 

95.  Of  the  two  forms  for  In,  shn,  the  down-stroke  sh 
and  the  up-stroke  I  are  generally  used,  the  others  being 
employed  only  in  connection  with  other  strokes  when 
the  first  mentioned  would  be  unhandily  written. 

96.  The  w-hook  is  always  the  last  thing,  belonging 
to  a  stroke,  to  be  read ;  thus,   \J  pain,   V^   ftne,   d    thin, 
(,    thine,  XN     run,  ^  line.     If  no  distinct  vowel  sound 
is  heard  between  the  stroke  and  the  hook,  no  vowel  sign 
is  written  5  as,  \^  heaven,    V/  ocean;  where  a  third  place 
vowel  sound  is  heard,  the  sign  must  be  placed  on  the 
outside  of  the  hook;  thus,  ^*-^  man,  (,     than,  — =>  coon; 
thus  the  vocalization  is  the  same  as  in  other  compound 
strokes. 

97.  Strokes  having  an  initial  circle  or  hook,  of  any 
kind,  may  also  have  a  final  hook  or  circle;  as  \,jplan, 
!•  strain. 

98.  When  the  n  is  the  last  consonant  in   a  word, 
followed  by  a  vowel,  it  must  be  written  at  length;  as 
^-^L/  money,  /*  China. 

BEADING  EXERCISE  XXV. 


THE  .ZV-HOOK.  85 


WRITING  EXERCISE  XXVI. 

Pan,  pin,  boon,  ton,  dsn,  qan,  jem,  kan,  gon,  fjn,  van,  den, 
Jjn,  ojan,  ran,  run,  Ion,  Ijn,  mjn,  moon,  non,  n~sn; — opn, 
rjpn,  gqrdenjakn,  organ,  ert'an,  enljvn,  morn,  wernir),  feln, 
baloon,  roman,  wuman.  Brsn,  dran,  restran,  pqrdn,  burdn, 
refran,  regan,  enjem,  abstan. 

THE  jy-HOOK  FOLLOWED  BY  S. 

99.  When  s  follows  after  n,  without  an  intervening 
vowel,  the  circle  may  be  turned  on  the  hook,  as  in  the 
case  of  s  preceding  the-Z-hook;  thus,  V^-  fans,  ^~~~^  man's, 
^^/'  machines,  ^{3  refrains.    With  the  straight  strokes, 
however,  it  is  unnecessary  to  make  both  the  hook  and 
circle,  thus  ^  pns,  since  the  circle  itself  embraces  the 
hook,  and  will  not  be  mistaken  for  s,  which  is  always 
written   on   the  other  side   of  the  stroke.     Hence  we 

write  ^^  pens,  J  -  dunce,  Q/+   chains,  s~*^/°  mourns,  \ 

begins. 

100.  The  double  circle  for  nses  is  conveniently  used 
on  the  straight  strokes,  for  such  words  as   rf  tenses,  Q/ 
chances,  "VQ  consequences;  but  as  a  double  circle  cannot 
well  be  formed  on  the  hook  attached  to  a  curve,  a  stroke 
n  must  be  used  in  such  words  as  VO^Q  finances, 
evinces. 

READING   EXERCISE  XXVI. 


86 


MANUAL    OF    PHONOGRAPHY. 


WRITING  EXERCISE  XXVII. 

Panz,  benz,  penz,  tonz,  qanz,  ganz,  mornz,  burnz,  Junz, 
erfanz,  balans,  remanz,  J^rmauz,  pronsns ;  koraplanz,  eks- 
planz,  akerdans,  kwestyonz,  knistyanz,  enjernz,  inkljriz. 
Prinsez,  dansez,  kondensez,  glansez,  ekspensez,  konsekwen- 
sez,  pronsnsez,  advansez,  konjensez. 


^-HOOK  WORD-SIGXS. 

\  upon  — 3  can  (men 

\  been  Vo  phonography  ( man 

J  ^one  (    than,  then  C  opinion 

<s    general-ly  /^  alone  ( known 

READING  EXERCISE  XXVII. 


x  -  . 


v  .  ~ 


EXERCISE   ON   THE    jV-HOOK.  87 


WRITING  EXERCISE  XXVIII. 

KUROJ.  —  Troo  kuraj  haz  its  orijin  in  vertyn.  Animal  fei- 
lesnes  puts  on  de  semblans  ov  kuraj,  and  iz  ofn  takn  fer  it,  bj 
njnut  ov  ten  amng  'men';  but  de  falasi  ov  dis  'opinyon'  haz 
'bin'  Jon  bj  'jeneral'  eksperierzs,  fer  pradercs  iz  ekwali  esenjal 
tia  it. 

Tia  atan  trco  knraj  enter  'upon'  nutip  rajli,  egzamin  wel 
hwot  de  ijn,  iz  Ijkli  tu  be,  and  ferm  yo>r  'opinyon'  befor  yo> 
begin.  H^  'kan'  yeo  den  fer,  if  yco  hav  gon  tu  wurk  'upon' 
'prinsipl',  and  hav  dun  el  yo>  'kan'  dco?  or  hwj  Jud  yco  fel  a 
konsern  fer  konsekwensez,  hwiq  hav  'bin'  elredi  wad  bj  yco? 

In  humbl  reljans  *upon'  de  asistans  ov  Hevw,  go  opnli  and 
wid  konfidens  tu  finij  yoor  planz.  3is  simpl  fat  'alon',  de 
reljans  ov  cjildren  'upon'  a  tra>  Fqder,  wil  kari  yeo  safli  trco. 

'Remember'  dis  'trat',  h^ever,  'da^r*  iz  'jenerali'  'mor'  troo 
kuraj  Jon  bj  a  pasiv  rezista?is  tu  de  skern  and  snerz  ov  'men', 
'dan'  haz  'bin'  sen  in  eni  merli  fizikal  rezistans. 

,Tro)  kuraj  iz  bj  no  menz  savaj  vjolens,  ner  a  fcolhqrdi  in- 
sensilailiti  tu  danjer;  ner  a  hedstrorj  rajnes  tu  run  sudenli  intia 


MANUAL    OF   PHONOGRAPHY. 


it;  ner  a  buroig  frewzi  broken  loos  'from'  de  guvernig  p^er  ov 
rezn;  but  it  iz  a  seren,  ferm  determinig — de  kuraj  ova 'man' 
but  never  de  fersnes  ov  a  tiger. 


REVIEW.— (92.)  What  do  the  final  hooks  represent?  (93.)  On  which 
side  of  the  straight  strokes  is  the  n.-hook  written?  On  _which  side  of  the 
curves?  (94.)  On  what  strokes  is  the  n-hook  not  written?  (95.)  Which 
forms  of  the  In  and  shn  are  generally  used?  (96.)  How  are  the  ro-hook 
strokes  vocalized?  (98.)  In  what  case  must  the  stroke  n  be  employed? 
(99.)  How  is  the  circle  written  to  the  w-hook  on  the  curves?  How  on  the 
straight  strokes?  (100.)  What  is  the  double  circle  when  written  in  the 
n-hook  place?  (101.)  Designate  the  straight  stroke  word-signs;  thecurved 
strokes. 


lesson  9. 


F  AND    V  HOOK—  SffiV  HOOK—  VOWEL   CONTRACTIONS- 
DISSYLLABIC    DIPHTHONGS. 

101.  The  hook  for  /  and  v  —  which  is  made  heavy 
for  the  latter  when  precision  is  necessary  —  is  written  on 
the  straight  strokes  only  ;  on  the  right-hand  side  of  ver- 
tical and  inclined  signs,  and  on  the  upper  side  of  the 
horizontals,  including  r  and  h. 

TABLE  OF   THE    F  AND    V  HOOK. 
\pforpv  Itftv  /  chfchv         _  =  kf  kv 

\bfbv  [dfdv         /jfjv 


This  hook  occupies  the  side  of  the  consonant  opposite 
that  of  the  re-hook  ;  but  as  a  hook  cannot  be  convenient- 
ly or  gracefully  written  on  the  convex  side  of  curves, 
these  signs  do  not  take  the  f  and  -y-hook. 

102.  Strokes  having  this  hook  are  vocalized  and  read 
as  those  having  the  n-hook;  thus,  \  beef,  -j  —  ^cough, 
*\,'  Provej  1  strife,  (__3  grave,  c_}j  curve,  I  '  _  defense. 

But  when  f  or  v  is  the  last  consonant  in  a  word,  and 
followed  by  -a  vowel,  the  full  stroke  must  be  written  ; 
thus,  j'  defy,  1  \^  coffee. 

The  circle  s  or  z  may  be  added  to  this  hook,  by  turn- 
ing  a  distinct  circle   inside    the   hook  ;  thus,  —  9  coughs, 
drives. 


(89)' 


90  EXERCISES    ON    THE    F    AND     F    HOOK. 

WORD -SIGNS, —  \j  above,    \j  whatever,   \j  differ-ence-ent, 
/  whichever,   —3  gave,  /  half. 

READING    EXERCISE    XXVIII. 


I        I    ,    \     J 


/  T  -) 


WRITING    EXERCISE    XXIV. 

Paf,  def,  gav,  ruf,  mf,  bq,f,  stor,  skof,  serv,  kurv,  drov, 
gref,  kley,  grav  ;  stavz,  klifs,  gluvz,  grovz  ;  berev,  derjv, 
pro  ok,  prez^rv,  rezerv,  retrev,  kontrjv,  sedativ  ;  David, 
divjd,  provjd,  bravado ;  obzervz,  reproovz,  engravz. 

Gre?  drov  her  tia  de  grav.  3a  ho>  dcz^rv  reproof,  kontrj_v 
tu  endq,r  it  wid  braveri.  8Ee  trcoli  brav  man  prez§r-z  hiz 
onor  and  hiz  IJf ;  hwjl  de  ksard  iz  drivn  tu  a  poor  defens. 


EXPLANATION  OF  THE  SHN  HOOK.      91 

THE  SHN  HOOK. 

103.  The  sTm-hook  is  somewhat  arbitrary ;  that  is,  it 
is  not  entirely  phonetic,  in  that  it  is  but  one  sign  used 
to  represent  three  sounds ;  but  of  course  the  means  exist 
in  the  alphabet  for  writing  out  the   sounds   in  full  if  it 
were  desirable. 

TABLE    OF    THE    SUN.  HOOK. 

\^  p-shn            \j  t-shn  £    ch-shn  — 3  k-shn 

\^  b-shn            |j  d-shn  £   j-shn  ~*  g-shn 

^  f-shn            Q  th-shn  J  s-shn  ^  sh-shn 

v-shn            (^  th-shn  ^  z-shn  ^  zh-shn 

r-shn  ^°  f  1-shn 

r~^>  m-shn        ^_j  n-shn  Vs_p  ng-shn  ^  h-shn 

On  the  straight  strokes,  this  hook  may  be  written  on 
either  side  ;  on  the  curves,  it  is  written  in  the  position 
of  the  n  -ho  ok  ;  but  in  either  case  it  may  be  distinguished 
from  the  n-hook,  by  being  made  twice  as  large. 

104.  The  most  general  use  of  the  s^«-hook  is  at  the 
termination  of  words,  .where  it  is  read  as  an  entire  sylla- 
ble ;  as,  \  \.  passion,   (j  condition,  t_->  occasion. 

The  hook  is  most  conveniently  turned  on  the  right- 
hand  side  of  vertical  and  inclined  strokes,  and  on  the 
upper  side  of  horizontals,  when  they  are  not  united  with 
a  preceding  stroke,  hook,  or  circle,  as  in  the  paragraph 
above.  But  when  thus  combined,  the  hook  is  most  read- 
ily turned  on  the  side  reverse  to  that  occupied  by  the 
preceding  stroke,  hook,  or  circle  ;  thus,  ^Xy^  portion, 
•f  exertion,  ]•  station,  |_i  construction. 


92  MANUAL   OP   PHONOGRAPHY. 

105.  The  s/m-nook  is  often  conveniently  used  in  the 
middle  of  a  word ;  thus,   LJ>    dictionary,  /\ZJ^^  rev- 
olutionary. 

106.  The  s-circle   niay  be  added  by  writing  it  dis- 
tinctly on   the   inside   of  these   hooks,   to   the  straight 
strokes  as  well  as  the  curves;  thus,  ($.  conditions,       \£> 
invasions. 

107.  WORD-SIGNS. —  \jobjection,  ^^  subjection,  — ^ 
occasion. 

READING  EXERCISE  XXVIII. 


WRITING  EXERCISE  XXIX. 

Pojon,  stajon,  kompajon,  ambijon,  k,ondijon,  negajon, 
komiinikajon,  diirajon,  petijon,  indikafon,  fugon,  invagon, 
ili^3onj  revohijon,  konsolajon,  emojon,  admijon,  najon, 
amnnijon.  Profu^on,  reformajon,  selekjon,  delegajon,  depri- 
vajon,  supervisor!,  kohegon. 


Petijoner,    eksekitjoner,  okagonal,  '  revohijonari.      PaJonZj 
sedijonz,  \i%ouz,  efqgonz,  mijonz,  nojonz,  administrajonz. 


VOWEL   CONTRACTIONS.  93 

108.  VOWEL  CONTRACTIONS.  —  The  vowels  being  so 
simply  and  easily  formed,  but  little  is  to  be  desired  in 
the  way  of  abbreviating  the  method   of  writing  them; 
but  as  considerable  time  is  lost  by  lifting  the  pen  in 
passing  from  one  to  another,  it  is  no  small  advantage  to 
write  two  vowel  sounds  in   one  sign,  where  it  can  be 
done  without  ambiguity.     Such   a  contraction  is  quite 
common  in  words  where  the  short  vowel  i  immediately 
precedes  another  of  the  simple  vowels  ;  as  in  the  words 
various,  effluvia,  enunciation,  ratio  :  becoming  nearly  like 
varyus,   efftuvya,  enuncyation,  rasyo.       This   coalition   of 
vowels  so  nearly  produces  the  articulations  ye,  ya,  yo,  yu, 
that  the  signs  for  these  improper  diphthongs  are  used  in 
such   cases  ;   thus,   ^_/^  various,   .V>X  association,    /\Jr\ 
ratio. 

109.  DISSYLLABIC  DIPHTHONGS.  —  The   following   is 
an  additional  scale  of  diphthongs,  simply  formed,  and 
some  of  which  are  very  useful  :  — 


q,i  ei         >    oi 


as  in   '7—    clayey,   Q--'   snowy,  v^,  owing,    C_  stoic,    ( 
louis. 

110.     The   close   diphthong  heard   in  the   word  aye, 
though  diifering  but  little  from    v  \  i,  is  written  thus,  v] 

*• 

4-        READING  EXERCISE  XXIX. 


L 


94  MANUAL   OP   PHONOGRAPHY. 


_  »..   .*-.***s^w^~^^.  ^»O 


r 


WRITING  EXERCISE  XXX. 


Envins,  eroneus,  glorius,  serius,  fconveniens,  eksperiens, 
variajon,  enunjiajon,  konsiliajon,  abreviajon,  paliajon,  alevi- 
ajon,  homeopatli. 

Klai,  flei,  biloi,  stoikal,  glqi. 

Ambijon  iz  de  'okagon'  ov  sedijon,  konfugon,  and  desola- 
jon,  and  arszez  'everi'  evil  emojon  and  pajon. 

An  as,  pikip  tip  a  Ijonz  skin  hwig  had  'bin'  tron  awa,  put 
it  on;  and  runip  intu  de  ^Tadz  and  pasty  i^rz,  began  tu  bra,  in 
imitajon  ov  de  Ijonz  ror,  hwiq  tro>  de  floks  intu  teribl  kon- 
filgon.  At  lent  de  oner  kam  alog  and  wud  hav  bin  struk  wid 
konsternajon  elso,  but  'upon'  hiz  lisnig  mor  klosli,  he  soon  se 
de  iliigon  in  de  vers,  and  se,  rnorover,  de  asez  erz  stikig  ^t 


SJJJV  HOOK   EXERCISE   AND   REVIEW.  95 

Wid  no  hezitajon  he  ran  up  tu  de  as,  and  wid  hiz  kujel  bet 
him  severli,  saig: 

"Yo>  fool,  yo>  hav  'bin'  de  'okagon'  ov  skqrig  de  floks,  but  j-1 
hav  yco  tu  no  eldo  yo>  luk  Ijk  a  Ijon,  yet  ya>  bra  Ijk  an  as!" 

APLIKHEON. — Afektajon  iz  Jn,r  tu.  ekspoz  a  man  tu  de- 
rigon  in  proporjon  tu  hiz  asumjon. 


REVIEW. — (103.)  On  which  side  of  the  straight  strokes  is  the  «A»-hook 
made?  How  is  it  made  to  the  curves?  ( 104. )  How  is  the  «A»-hook  read? 
(105.)  How  may  it  be  used  except  at  the  termination  of  words?  (106.) 
How  is  the  *-circle  added?  (107.)  What  are  the  word-signs?  (103.)  Ex- 
plain the  vowel  contractions.  (109.)  The  dissyllabic  diphthongs.  How 
is  aye  written? 


I*  00  on 


HALF-LENGTH  STROKES. 

In  consequence  of  the  frequent  recurrence  of  the 
sounds  t  and  d,  it  is  found  very  convenient,  and 
sometimes  necessary,  to  give  them  another  and  more 
contracted  representation. 

110.  But  every  philosophical  means  has  already  been 
resorted  to  for  the  purpose  of  giving  to  Phonography 
the  ultimatum  of  brevity ;  and  if  the  following  scheme 
has  only  the  semblance  of  philosophy  in  it,  it  will  be  as 
much   as   can  be  expected.     In  chemistry,   it   is   well 
known,  the  more  a  substance — a  poison,  or  steam,  for 
instance — is  concentrated,  the  greater  is  its  power :  so, 
in  order  to  get  a  repetition  of  the  consonants  t  and  d 
without  writing  them  at  length,  the  single  strokes   |  and 

I ,  by  being  compressed  into  half  'their  length,  are  made 
to  represent  the  addition  of  a  t  and  d.  Resort  is  had  to 
the  same  means  for  the  addition  of  t  and  d  to  all  the 
other  consonants,  except  the  strokes  y,  to,  h,  ng,  which 
are  not  made  half-length. 

111.  To  illustrate  this  principle,  suppose  the  word 
faded  is  to  be  written :  there  are  three  consonants  in  it, 
all  downward  strokes,  which  would  carry  the  last  d  the 
length  of  two  strokes  below  the  line ;  but  by  making  the 
first  d  half  its  usual  length,  another  d  is  supposed  to  be 
added,  and  the  word  is  thus  neatly  written:    I;     faded. 


HALF   LENGTH   STROKES  97 

The  principle  is  further  illustrated  by  the  following 
words:  Q_  talk,  Q  talked;  s\  wrap,  /*  wrapped;  A  V 
live,  f  lived. 

112.  A  vowel  before  a  half-length  consonant  is  read 

before  both  letters ;  as    \  apt,  ')  east,  >i   art,  :  act;  but 

when  placed  after,  it  is  read  immediately  after  the  pri- 
mary letter,   and  the  added  t  or  d  follows  it;  thus,  « 
caught,    ^  read,  \  spite,  [^  contempt,     ^     little, 

113.  As   a   general    thing   the    light   strokes,   when 
halved,  are  followed  by  the  light  sound  t;  as,  (    thought, 
'    V  gift,    ^  fought;  and  the  heavy  ones  by  the  heavy 
sound  d;    thus,     „)  used,      ^\,    moved.        Frequently, 
however,  the  heavy  sound  d  is  read  from  a  half-length 
light  consonant,  and  vice  versa,  the  light  sound  t  is  read 
from  a  half-lengfh  heavy  consonant;  as,    /-— ^i    '  melted, 

\jn~-* 
peopled,   (  \^  alphabet. 

114.  Since,   however,   the  heavy  strokes   occupying 
the  places  of  r,  I,  m,  and  n,  are  not  made  half-length, 
these  four  letters,  when  followed  by  a  d,  are,  for  the 
sake  of  distinction,  made  heavy; 'as,    /    cheered,  ^  old, 

\^  formed;  and  light  when  a  t  follows;  as,  ~^  art,  y 
delight,  ~\-,  remit.     The  I  is  struck  upward  when  t  is  to 
be  added,  and  when  d,  downward,  since  in  this  direction 
it  is  more  easy  to  make  a  heavy  stroke. 

115.  Strokes  beginning  or  ending  with  the  s-circle, 
or  either  of  the  hooks,  or  both  hook  and  circle,  are  also 
made  half-length,   when    necessary;    thus,    >   speed,    ^~ 
swift,  T  treat,  \  complete,  ^  freight,  J"  straight,  •[  settled; 
N>  beads,  <%  mates,  \.  band,  \>  patient,  %.  plant,  ^>  grand; 
the  order  of  reading  being  the  same  as  in  the  full  length 
strokes. 


98  MANUAL   OF   PHONOGRAPHY. 

116.  It  must  be  observed  that  when  the  circle  s  is 
written  to  a  half-length  consonant  it  must  be  read  after 
the  added  t  or  d;  because  the  s  is  added  to  the  consonant 
after  it  has  been  halved,  and  because  it  cannot  be  added 
to  the  circle ;  thus,    \  pat,  \,-  pats,  (not  past,}  \^.  fat,  \$ 
fats,  (not  fast.} 

117.  Half-length  consonants,  unconnected  with  other 
strokes,  should  be  employed  only  for  words  containing 
but  one  vowel;  as   £•  void,    v"  night;  and  the   two  full 
length  letters  should  be  used  in  words  containing   two 

iV  ^£. 

or  more  vowels;  as   S-.  avoid,  '     |  unit. 

118.  The  past  tense  of  verbs  ending  like  X>  part,  are 
more  conveniently  written  thus,  \/i  parted,  than  NVJ 

119.  There  are  a  few  words  in  which  t  and  d  occur 
three  times  in  succession,  which  make  it  necessary  to  sep- 
arate the  half-length  from  the  long  stroke ;  as,  J  ^  attitude. 

120.  Since  the  half-lengths  occupy  only  a  portion  of 
the  usual  space,  they  follow  the  rules  given  to  the  hori- 
zontals, of  accented  vowel  positions,  above  or  on  the  line 
according  as  the  consonant  has  a  first,  second,  or  third 
place  vowel ;  thus,  T  street,  «x  spread,  ^>  find,  \A  found. 

READING  EXERCISE  XXX. 
i 

^  S  .  £/A  £7- 

" 


HALF    LENGTH    STROKES. 


99 


BEADING  EXERCISE  XXXI. 

Pet,  fat,  Jet,  lat,  mat,  not,  spot,  skot,  savd,  selt,  smjt, 
sent; — pemt,  bend,  kontend,  erdand,  enjemd,  kjnd,  refjnd, 
legtend,  land,  mjnd; — pants,  bandz,  pretendz,  kontents,  dis- 
ksnts; — frend,  advent,  hqrdli,  servd,  konsurnd,  holdz, — 
[Stroke  h:  heted,  habk,  hurld,] — perild,  uprjt,  gqrded,  deljted, 
upward,  persevd,  cjjlcl,  lektyurd. 

121.  Under  certain  circumstances  t  and  d  should  not 
be  represented  by  half-length  strokes:  First,  When  a 
vowel  follows  t  or  d  at  the  end  of  a  word;  thus,  having 
—S~  guilt,  we  cannot  make  guilty  by  placing  y  after  the 
half-length  I,  for  it  would  then  read  guilit;  hence  the 
stroke  t  must  be  written  in  order  to  give  a  place  after  it 
for  the  vowel;  thus,  __/^~]  'guilty.  Second,  In  many 
words  of  one  syllable,  where  if  the  vowels  were  omitted, 
or  indistinct,  they  would  be  mistaken  for  the  vowel 
word-signs;  thus,  \  bad,  instead  of  V;  \  put,  in- 
stead of  v  Third,  When  the  half-stroke  would  not 
make  a  distinct  angle  with  the  preceding  or  following 
stroke,  as  "*" "~  |  amend,  instead  of  *~*~ . 


122.      HALF-LENGTH  WOKD-SIGNS. 


quite 
could 

particular-ly 
opportunity 
that 
without 

gentlemen 
gentleman 

great 
called* 


|  God 
(  good 
f cannot 
(  account 
|  went 
(  w'ont 

not 
nature 

might* 

).    i  i»  i    ment 
establish -ed 


according-ly*      J?     short* 


f  immediate-ly 
\  made 
|  Lord 
\  word 

told 

toward 

thought* 
after 

spirit* 
,  under 
•  world 


100 


MANUAL   OP    PHONOGRAPHY. 


READING  EXERCISE  XXXI. 


2 


C 

V) 


- 


> 


\    y        t 

X-^     \      \ 

v       v/^      \  ----  '  /        9     x 

1  ^ 


-^  ~  \ 


X 


, . ,  x  ^|  \4 

r  o  r^  x  ~ 


HALF    LENGTH    STROKES.  101 

WRITING  EXERCISE  XXXII. 
L9RENS  LaZI,  9*R  LEKNIW  FQNOGRAFI. 


Tu  lern,  er  'not'  tu  lern,  'dat'  iz  de  kwestyon: 

Hweder  -tiz  nobler  in  de  mjnd  tu  sufer 

<Ie  kompleks  kwiblz  ov  ambigyq,us  Loghand; 

Gr  tu  opoz  wid  pen  and  vers  a  fozand  erorz, 

And,  bj  opozig,  end  dem?  —  Tu  lern,  —  tu  rjt,  — 

And,  bj  Fonografi  tu  sa  we  end 

cEe  felsitiz,  de  tszand  tedyus  ilz 

Loghand  prodijsez  —  'tiz  a  kousumajon 

Devstli  tu  be  wijt.     Tu  rjt;  —  tu  lern;  — 

Tu  lern!  but  den  tu  wurkj  —  qi,  dqrz  de  rub; 

Fer,  tu  akwjr  dis  q,rt,  hwot  to-1  ma  kum 

&r  i  kan  Jufl  of  mj  habits  old, 

2ud  giv  me  pez;  da^r'z  ds  respekt 

'cTat'  maks  Grfiografi  ov  so  loi)  Ijf; 

Fer  boo  wud  baj  de  innmerabl  ilz  ov  Loghand, 

Its  bq,rbarus  lepf),  its  ambigniti, 

Its  qjld-tormentirj  difikultiz,  and 

Its  wont  ov  rcol,  tugeder  wid  de  ted 

Hwiq  pajent  skrjbz  ov  suq  a  sistem  hav, 

Hwen  he  himself  'mjt'  hiz  relesment  mak 

Wid  a  Duzn  Lesonz?     Ha>  yet  wud  y^z 

3is  bqrbarus  relik  ov  ^r  bj-gon  daz, 

But  'dat'  de  dred  ov  sumtirj  tu  be  lernt,  — 

('EEat'  wek  unmanli  ez,  from  hcoz  embras 

No  lazi  man  kan  get,)  —  puzlz  de  wil, 

And  maks  him  rader  bf\r  e-n  felsitiz, 

clan  lern  de  trcot  he  yet  noz  nufjirj  ov. 

5us  indolens  to)  oft  retqrdz  de  mjnd; 

And  dus  de  progres  ov  a  ynsful  qrt 

Iz  qekt,  but  not  prevented;  fer  de  tjm 

Wil  kum  hwen  dis  sam  bref  Fonografi 

Hal  trjumf  OT  its  fjnal  oponent. 


(IIO.)  What  is  the  second  mode  for  representing  t  and  d  f 
Explain  the  philosophy  of  halving  a  consonant.  (113.)  What  is  the  gen- 
eral rule  for  knowing  whether  a  t  or  a  d  is  added?  (114.)  What  strokes 
are  not  written  half-length?  What  half-length  light  strokes  are  made 
heavy  for  the  addition  of  d  ?  In  what  direction  are  the  half-lengths  I 
and  r  struck,  for  the  addition  of  d  ?  for  the  addition  of  tf  (116.)  When 
the  circle  *  is  written  at  the  end  of  a  half-length  sign,  is  it  read  before  or 
after  the  added  t  or  d  ?  (119.)  How  are  words  written  in  which  t  and  d 
occur  throe  times  in  succession?  (121.)  What  is  the  first  case  in  which  a 
stroke  should  not  be  halved  for  a  following  t  or  d  ?  .  The  second?  the  third? 


11. 


SPECIAL  CONSONANT  CONTRACTIONS. 

The  s-circle,  initial  and  final  hooks,  and  half-length 
stems,  are  contracted  modes  of  writing  that  admit  of 
general  application,  and  of  perfect  vocalization.  But 
as  Phonography  studies  the  greatest  degree  of  abbrevia- 
tion, consistent  with  legibility,  a  few  combinations  of 
consonants,  and  some  syllables  of  frequent  occurrence, 
are  provided  with  special  forms  of  contraction,  some  of 
which  only  are  capable  of  vocalization. 

Of  these  there  are  the  frequent  st,  in  the  past  parti- 
ciple of  verbs  ending  in  s,  in  the  superlative  of  adjec- 
tives, and  in  many  other  words,  as  pressed,  wisest,  stiff ; 
the  sir  in  the  comparative  of  adjectives,  &c.,  as  faster, 
sister;  the  initial  in,  of  instruction,  inspiration,  (fee.,  and 
the  final  s-shn  of  some  nouns,  as  position;  many  of  which 
it  would  often  be  inconvenient  to  write  with  the  means 
thus  far  afforded. 

There  are  also  prefixes,  derived  from  the  Latin,  of 
frequent  occurrence,  but  of  inconvenient  length,  as 
accom-plish,  incon-siderate,  recom-pense,  enter -prise,  circum- 
vent. The  method  of  writing  these  contractions  consti- 
tutes the  last  lesson  proper  of  the  system,  and  is  one 
that  should  receive  special  attention,  in  order  that  the 
somewhat  arbitrary  'mode  of  writing  shall  not  be  for- 
gotten. 

""(102) 


ST    AND     STR     LOOPS.  103 

THE   LOOPS  ST  AND  STR. 

123.  The  plan  of  writing  st  in  some  shorter  way  than 
by  the  circle  s  and  stroke  t,  was  devised  chiefly  for  the 
purpose  of  still  farther  obviating  the  difficulty  of  words 
running  too  far  below  the  line.     By  simply  lengthening 
the  s-circle  to   one-third   the   lengtk   of  the  stroke   on 
which  it  occurs,  the  sound  of  t  is  added;  thus,  Xo  base, 
\>  based,  /&  rejoice,  /^Q    rejoiced;   \^  vast,  %.>  priest. 
In  other  words,  a  loop  written  one-third  the  length  of  the 
consonant  to  which   it  is  attached,  represents  the  com- 
bined sounds  of  s  and  t,  with  no  vowel  between  them ; 
and  by  license  it  may  also  represent  zd. 

124.  The  s  or  z  may  be  added  for  plurals,  &c.,  by 
striking  the  loop  through  the  long  sign  and  forming  the 
circle  on  the  opposite  side;  as,   ^  beasts,  ^  nests. 

125.  This  loop  may  also  be  written  initially;  as  in 
the  words  '\  stop,    -j5    state,   \^  staff,  V.(J    style.     And  it 
may  be  used  between  two  strokes,  only  when  written  to  t, 
d,  ch,  j ;  as  (J^  testify,    (>-/^y7   distinguish,  &/    justify. 

126.  When  this  loop  is  written  in  the  position  of  the 
r-hook,  like  the  s-circle  it  takes  the  additional  power  of 
r;  thus,      ^  stoop&r,    "^    sticker ;  and  when   turned  in 
the  «-hook  position,  it  assumes  the  power  of  that  hook; 
as    J'    condensed,  — *»  against. 

227.     Half-length  strokes  also  admit  of  the  s£-loop,  to 
a  limited  extent ;  as         midst,  *$•  student. 

128.  When  a  word  begins  with  a  vowel,  followed  by 
st  or  zd,  the  half-length  stroke,  and  not  the  loop,  must 
be  used;  as,  "}/^  history,    l—^  wisdom,   /-*•»  system.. 

129.  By  extending  the  loop  to  two-thirds  the  length 
of  the  stroke,  r  is  added ;  as  in  the  words   -^  Webster, 
^    sister,   ^^.   master.     This  loop    should    not  be  used 


104  MANUAL   OP   PHONOGRAPHY. 

initially.  It  may  be  turned  on  the  n-hook  side  of  the 
stroke  to  express  nstr  ;  as  \£  punster,;  and  the  circle  s 
may  be  used  as  with  the  sf-loop  ;  thus,  ^  festers,  <Q 
masters. 

130.  WORD-SIGN.  —  The  s£-loop  is  used  as  a  word-sign 
for  first,  written  on  ihe  line  and  inclined  to  the  right, 
thus,  6  . 

READING  EXERCISE  XXXTT. 


\f 


di 


.-° 


V 


V    /f  \ 


WRITING  EXERCISE  XXXIII. 

Past,  host,  dust,  tast,  qest,  kost,  gust,  fest,  safest,  rost, 
arest,  arszd,  rust,  lest,  last,  mist,  most,  ami^zd,  fjnest,  de- 
n^nst;  —  stcop,  stedfast,  stagnant,  stif,  stov,  ster,  stil,  stem; 
—  stoper,  stajer,  stager;  —  distigktli,  justifikajon;  —  bests,  bosts, 
kasts,  rezists,  infests,  masts;  —  stilt,  sterd,  stord,  stamt;  — 
kondenst,  agenst.  Boster,  bluster,  faster,  blister,  sister,  itn- 
poster;  —  punster,  spinsters.  Stated,  advanst,  supre^t,  pretekst, 
prod^st. 


EXERCISES   ON    THE   ST  LOOP.  105 

READING  EXERCISE  XXXIII. 

^       1          ^ 

cL<=>  X 


!>  ;  ^  / 

/ 


WRITING  EXERCISE  XXXIV. 

as  TEMPEST.— On  de ; 'f erst'  5a  ^t  de  master  ov  ^r  fast 
salii)  vesel,  in  de  midst  ov  d  kqm,  profest  tu  se  in  de  distant 
west  a  teribl  storm  aproqig.  At  'ferst'  we  hist,  but  scon  de 
fomii)  krests  danst  upon  de  wavz;  de  blakest  klsdz  Icomd  up; 
de  fersest  Ijtnig  perst  de  glcom;  de  Jqrpest  and  heviest  tunder 
mad  ststest  hqrts  trembl.  3.&  sterner,  mentjm,  forst  her  wa, 
breatig  de  biloz  bravli.  Sfedili  sterig  for  de  distant  port,  we 
suprest  «r  ferz  and  saHi  reqt  de  land. 


106  MANUAL   OF   PHONOGRAPHY. 

PECULIAR  MODE  OF  WRITING  Iff  AND  SHJf. 

131.  When  the  sounds  spr,  str,  and  skr  follow  n  in 
such  words  as  inspiration,  instruct,  inscribe,  it  is  impossi- 
ble, with  the  former  mode  of  writing  n,  to  write  the  circle 
sr  to  the  strokes  p,  t,  k,  without  making  it  on  the  back 
of  the  TO,  thus         |  ,  which  is  difficult  to  do,  and   un- 
seemly when  done.     To  obviate  this  difficulty  the  stroke 
^^  is  permitted,  in  these  cases,  to  be  struck  backward 
or  vertically,  as  the  nature  of  the  case  may  require ;  but, 
as  there  is  never  occasion  for  any  vowel  but  the  first 
place  i,  the  stroke  for  the  n  need  not  be  written   full 
length ;  indeed,  it  may  be  regarded  as  the  «-hook^  used 
initially ;   thus,    P     instruction,     f^    insuperable,    •      \j 
inscription.  ^ 

132.  In  a  considerable  class  of  words  the  syllable 
tion  follows  after  the  sound  of  s  or  z,  as  position,  decision, 
&c.,  which   would  require  that   the    strokes  for    these 
sounds,  with  the  s/m-hook  appended,  be  employed ;   but 
such   would   be    inconvenient   forms,   and   hence   it   is 
allowable  to  use  the  circle  and  turn  a  hook  for  tion  on 
the  opposite   side   of  the  stroke ;  thus,  \,  decision,  V? 
supposition;  the  same  license  is  allowed  for  the  loops  st 
and  str ;  thus,  >^f^t       molestation,   -i^  illustration.     This 
hook  is  used  in  some  such  words  as  \>t  persuasion;  and 
it  may  also  be  used  when   followed  by  the  termination 
al;  as,  \o  positional. 

133.  If  it  be  required  to  write  the  syllable  tion  after 
ns,  the  circle  for  the  latter  combination   may   be   em- 
ployed, and  the  hook  turned  on  the  opposite  side ;  thus, 

^^    compensation.     The    plural  may  be  formed,  in  all 
these  cases,  by  adding  the  circle'to  the  shn-hook  ;  thus, 
x^  superstitions,   <H,  condensations. 


T 


EXERCISE   ON   THE    INITIAL   J7,    &C.  107 

BEADING  EXERCISE  XXXIV. 
*v  s 


WRITING  EXERCISE  XXXV.' 

Insiiperabl,  instrukt,  instrcoinent,  instrcomentaliti,  inskrjbd, 
inskrcotabl; — pozijon,  desigon,  kezajon,  sivilizajon,  mn,zijan; 
— manifestajon,  inkrustajon,  kondensajon,  dispensajon; — sup- 
ozijonz,  aki|,zajonz,  ilustrajonz,  sensajonz. 

Studi  kondensajon  in  yoor  stjl  ov  kompozijon,  fer  rto  it  ma 
kost  yo>  sum  trubl  at  ferst,  yet  it  wil  asist  yco  tu  master  per- 
spikniti  and  presigon,  on  As  akwizijon  ov  hwiq,  qast  and  p-ser- 
ful  rjtip  iz  bast.  Promte,d  bj  a  dezjr  for  de  akwizijon  ov  welfi, 
man  stemz  ds  stermz  ov  de  ojan,  landz  on  everi  kost,  in  spjt 
ov  ds  gratest  danjerz  arjzig  from  kljmat  er  de  hand  ov  unsivil- 
jzd  man.  .  Relijon  foloz  in  de  wak  ov  komers,  kontendip  agenst 
its  evilz;  and  dus,  hwjl  savaj  najonz  qr  blest  wid  de  Ijt  ov  siv- 
ilizajon,  da  qr  put  in  pozejon  ov  ds  wurd  ov  inspirajon,  and 
tet  de  egust  troodz  ov  de  gospel  dispensajon. 


108  MANUAL   OP   PHONOGRAPHY. 


REVIEW.— (123.)  How  are  st  and  ed  written?  (124.)  How  may  the 
circle  be  added?  (125.)  In  what  situations  may  the  loop  be  written? 
(126.)  When  written  in  the  place  of  the  r-hook,  what  power  does  it  give 
the  stroke?  What,  when  written  in  the  re-hook  place?  (127.)  How 
should  the  words  midst  and  student  be  written?  (128.)  In  what  ease  is 
the  loop  not  to  be  used?  (129.)  How  is  sir  written?  What  effect  does 
it  have  on  this  loop  to  place  it  on  the  n-hook  side?  If  the  sound  of  «  fol- 
low, how  is  it  written?  (130.)  What  is  the  word-sign  in  this  lesson? 
(131.)  When  is  it  necessary  to  use  the  peculiar  mode  of  writing  n?  How 
is  it  written?  ( 132. )  Under  what  circumstance  is  the  peculiar  shn  em- 
ployed? How  is  it  written?  (133.)  Suppose  it  be  required  to  write  shn 
after  ne,  how  is  it  done?  If  «  follow  the  shn,  how  may  it  be  written? 


12. 


PREFIXES   AND  OTHER  CONTRACTIONS. 

134.  PREFIXES.  —  The  following  are  some  additional 
prefixes  and  affixes  that  are  found  convenient  and  sug- 
gestive with  the  advanced  phonographer.  They  should 
be  written  near  the  word,  but  not  joined. 

Accom  is  expressed  by  the  sign  —  k,  placed  before  the 
initial  end  of  the  following  consonant  ;  thus,  \^_> 
accompany,  \o  accomplice. 

Oircum,  by  a  small  circle  placed  in  the  first  vowel  posi- 
tion  of  the    next  consonant;  as,   0J    circumstance  t 
V    \  circumscribe.    "'"•.  -"' 

Decom,  by    I    as,   I    p    decomposition. 
Discom,  discon,  by  t,  as,  tc/1     disconcerted. 

Incom,  incon,  by  v  —  '  written  above  the  other  part  of 
the  word  ;  as,  ^*  incomplete,  ^-P  inconsistent. 

Inter,  intro,  by  v-'  in  a/ny  position  near  the  following- 
letter  ;  as,  ^~  v«  interview,  [l^  introduction.  By 
some  kind  of  license  the  frequent  word  interest  is 
allowed  to  be  written  thus:  |  ,  the  prefix  inter 
being  united  with  the  stroke  st. 

Irrecon.  by      ^  as,      Y^>   irreconcilable. 


110  MANUAL   OP   PHONOGRAPHY. 

Magna,  magni,  by  '    x  written   above   the  after  part  of 
the  word  ;  as,  T^-~^,  magnanim-ntt,      (^__  magnify. 

Recog,  by  /  as,  '  v—  ^  recognize. 

Recom,  recon,  by  /  as,   /^-"  recommend,  ^o\  recon- 

cilable. 
8etf)  by  a  circle  at  the  middle  place  of  the  next  conso- 

nant ;  as,    ^J  selfish. 
Uncom,  uncon,  by  ^_^,  written  on  the  line  ;  as,  ^-^   un- 

common ^_\  unconditional. 


It  is  allowable  to  represent  a  prefix  which  is  similar 
in  sound  to  one  of  the  foregoing,  by  one  of  the  signs 
there  furnished  ;  thus,  ^  may  represent  enter,  as  well 
as  inter  ;  and  v  —  '  may  represent  encum,  incum,  as  well 
as  incom,  incon. 

135.  AFFIXES.  —  The    following   affixes   are   written 
near  the  preceding  part  of  the  word:  — 

Bility,  by     \  as,    \/\.  durability,   ^^  probability. 

ty)  by  i  written  after  the  word  ;  thus,  \'o  /"  patiently, 
uf  constantly.  But  where  it  can  be  written  on 
without  lifting  the  pen,  it  is  better  to  do  so  ;  thus, 
•X<  abundantly. 

Ment,  by  ^>  as,  .J-  atonement,  ^  contentment.  But 
it  may  often  be  written  without  disconnecting  it 
from  the  body  of  the  word. 

Self,  by  a  circle,  as,  myself.  Selves,  by  making  the 

circle  double  size;  as,  (o  tliemselves,  fi)  yourselves. 

Ship,  by  _J  as,     ^J   lordship. 

136.  A  word-sign  may  be   used  as  a  prefix   or  an 
affix  ;  as,   -^    advantageous^       iC  hereafter. 


EXERCISE   ON   PREFIXES    AND    AFFIXES.  Ill 


READING  EXERCISE  XXXV. 


°<?          o 


'        II  '      —  ci     v  —  '.        ^-t 

IU  \  ^ 


,  /r\  .ux  \ 


\ 


.  , 


112  MANUAL    OP   PHONOGRAPHY. 


WRITING  EXERCISE  XXXVI. 

Akomplijment,  akomodajon,  serkumfleks,  serkumnavigat, 
dekompoz,  diskontinynd,  inkompatibl,  inkonsolabl,  inter- 
upjon,  introdiis,  magnifisent,  rekognijon,  rekonsiliajon,  self- 
ajurans,  unkompromjzig,  posibiliti,  konsekwentli,  himself, 
hersmanjip,  da_r£<Dr,  displegu/. 

Lern  tu  akomodat  ycorself  tu  serkurastansez.  Serkurastan- 
Jal  evidens  Jud  be  kejusli  entertand  agenst  ht|man  Ijf.  Be 
serkumspekt  in  el  ycor  waz.  It  is  unkonfermabl  tu  troot  tu 
sa  dat  kompajon,  frendjip,  &s.,  q,r  at  de  botom  onli  selfijnes 
in  disgjz;  bekez  it  iz  we  ^rselvz  hot)  fel  plegi^r  er  pan  in  de 
gud  er  evil  ov  uflerz;  fer  de  meniij  ov  self-luv  iz,  not  dat  it  iz 
I  dat  luvz,  but  dat  i  luv  mjself. 

If  de  erf)  be  serknmskrjbd  at  de  ekwator,  we  obtan  its 
gratest  serkumferens,  hwiq  iz  ab^t  24,780  mjlz;  a  niagnit^d 
hwiq  we  kan  not  terra  inkonsevabl,  oldo  we  ma  not  entertan  a 
veri  distigkt  idea  ov  it,  mug  mar  wuid  de  savaj  be  unkonjus  ov 
the  fakt  and  unkonvinst,  in  spjt  ov  yoor  endevorz  tu  prcov  it. 
For  unles  tanjibl  proof  akumpani  de  aserjon,  yo>  kan  not  akom- 
plij  ycor  am,  and  suq  proof  iz  unkontrovertibli  imposibl.  We 
rekonaend  tu.  el,  never  tu  nndertak  givip  a  serkumstanjal 
eksplanajon  tu  doz  hco  qj  inkompeteut  tu  understand  it. 


137.  NOMINAL  CONSONANT.  —  It  is  sometimes  neces- 
sary to  express  one  or  more  vowels  or  diphthongs  with- 
out a  consonant.  In  this  case  "f  \  ^  ,  may  be  em- 
ployed as  outlines  having  no  specific  values,  to  which 
the  vowels  may  be  placed  ;  thus,  '\>  E.,  for  Edward  or 
Edmund;  Q  A.,  for  Alfred;  \  Eah,  an  Irish  family 
surname,  &c.  The  dash-vowels  may  be  struck  thrmtgh 
the  nominal*  consonant,  as  "f  ^->  f°r  Oliver,  -j-  U. 
Proper  names  should  be  written  in  full  when  they  are 
known. 


VARIOUS   CONTRACTIONS.  113 

138.  STROKE  H.  —  The   stroke  h  is   generally  used 
when  it  is  initial  and  is  followed   by   s;    thus,    (^~^ 
hasten;  also  when  r  and  a  vowel,  or  r  and  some  other 
consonant  follow;  thus  ^-^^  hurry,  f^-^^f  horizontal, 
^  —  "|  hurt;  also,  in  word's  that  contain  no  other  conso- 
nant than  hi,  and  end  in  a  vowel;  thus,    c,.^-^     holy. 

139.  VOCALIZING    THE   LARGE   CIRCLE.  —  The  large 
circle  ss  is  understood  to  represent  a  syllable  containing 
the  vowels  »  or  e,  thus,  sis  or  ses.     It  may  be  vocalized 
to  express  any  vowel  or  diphthong;  as,     ^>    persuasive. 

140.  When  p  occurs  between  m  and   t,  and  Jc  be- 
tween ng  and  sh,  (the  p  and  Jc  being  organically  inserted 
in  speech,  in  passing  to  the  next  consonant,)  these  let- 
ters may  be   omitted;  thus,   £~\  limp,   /-^   limped,   <f^< 
stamp,   &^  stamped,    <±J^   anxious,    \^>    distinction. 

In  cases  where  t  comes  between  s  and  another  conso- 
nant, the  t  may  generally  be  omitted  without  detriment 
to  legibility  ;  thus,  /ytfT"*  mostly,  J*  restless,  ^^  post- 
pone, X-TJ-^-  mistake. 

141.  OP   THE.  —  The    connective    phrase    "of  the," 
which  merely  points  out  that  the  following  noun  is  in 
the  possessive  case,  is  intimated  by  writing  the  words 
between  which  it  occurs  near  to  each  otfier,  thus  showing 
by  their  proximity  that  the  one  is  of  the  other  ;  thus, 

love  of  the  beautiful,     xf"     subject  of  the  work. 


REVIEW.  —  (134.)  How  is  the  prefix  accom  written?  Circumf  Decom? 
Discom,  discern?  Incom,  inconf  Inter,  intro;  interest?  Irreconf  Jlfagna, 
magnif  Recog;  recom,  recon?  Self?  Uhcom,  uncon?  How  may  enter  be 
written?  Encum  incumf  (135.)  How  is  the  affix  bility  written?  lyf 
ment?  self?  sldpf  (136.)  What  is  said  about  word-signs  in  this  con- 
nection? (137.)  Explain  the  nominal  consonant.  (138.)  Under  what 
circumstances  is  the  stroke  h  generally  used?  (139.)  How  may  the  double 
circle  be  vocalized?  (140.)  When  may  p  be  omitted?  k,  and  t1  (141.) 
What  is  said  of  the  phrase  of  the. 


10 


TJNVOCALIZED  WRITING  —  PHRASEOGRAPHY,  &0. 

142.  As   in   some    of   the   preceding  exercises    the 
manner  of  writing  certain  words  has  been  introduced 
that  would   not  admit  of  full  vocalization,  the  learner 
may   commence    omitting  some  of  the  least  "prominent 
vowels  in  his  common  words.     As  a  general  thing  these 
omissions   should   be  the   unaccented  vowels.     But   in 
reporting,  no  vowels  are  inserted,  except  an  occasional 
one  that  is  necessary  to  distinguish  one  word  from  an- 
other, where  both  have  the  same  consonant  outline.     It 
requires  a  good  degree  of  familiarity  with  the  system  to 
be  able  to  read  this  style  of  writing  readily.     After  re- 
ports are  taken,  however,  it  is  customary  to  go  over  the 
manuscript  and  insert  the  prominent  vowels,  so  that  any 
one  may  afterward  read  it  with  ease. 

143.  Positive    and    negative   words    containing   the 
same  consonants,  should  be  distinguished  thus : — When 
the  word  commences  with  r,  (except  this  letter  is  fol- 
lowed by  m,)  write  the  upward  r  for  the  positive  word, 
and  the  downward  one  for  the  negative  ;  thus,  s\  re- 
sponsible,     <^  irresponsible;  /&   resolute,      (f~   irresolute. 
The    common    words    •pv^'       mortal,     _/^±__    immortal, 
f*sf   material,     "^j_   immaterial,    may   be    distinguished 
by  writing  the  positive 'on  the  line,  and  the  negative 
above  it.     In  all  other  cases,  insert  the  initial  vowel  in 
the  negative  word ;  thus,    '  <^  illegible,  &c.     The  vowel 
should  be  written  first,  that  it  may  not  be  omitted. 

"(114) 


WORDS    HAVING   THE   SAME   CONSONANTS.  115 

LIST  OF   WORDS  CONTAINING  THE   SAME  CONSONANTS. 
Distinguished  by  a,  difference  of  outline, 

\/      \i     pattern,  patron 
\>       }        patient,  passionate 

purpose,  perhaps 
\/f      proceed,  pursued 

property,  propriety 

preparation,  appropriation,  proportion 
\.       ^^\/)    proportioned,  proportionate. 

*\  —         j        protection,  production 

D 
\/j    pertain,  appertain 


prosecute,  persecute 
\/    ->    prosecution,  persecution 


oppressor,  pursuer 
beautify,  beatify 
birth,  breath 

V     X  Tartar,  traitor,  trader 
J      Y  train,  turn 


N 


116  MANUAL   OP   PHONOGRAPHY. 

0  ,.    L^   attainable,  tenable 

.f|—    h         daughter,  debter,  and  deter 

_:>Y._!^-_  L     auditor,  auditory,  editor 
•  i 

1  \     diseased,  deceased 

f~     L    desolate,  dissolute 
j^>     I    desolation,,  dissolution 
I_P     y  idleness,  dullness 

\^-^jf     demonstrate,  administrate 

«/     agent,  gentleman 
^.         gentle,  genteel 

I         cost,  caused 

'3.-  collision,  coalition,  collusion 
^7    corporal,  corporeal 
J  credence,  accordance 

greatly,  gradually 
favored,  favorite 

fiscal,  physical 


WORDS    HAVING   THE   SAME    CONSONANTS.  117 


v—^     x.         firm,  frame,  —  form,  farm 

V**"^. 

°\   support,  separate 

steady,  study,  —  stead 
f    j       situation,  station 
1     J       sure,  assure 
x-A    s*\.      labored,  elaborate 
^-^    ff    learned,  v.,  adj. 
/\    ~^-^      >i   /]     writer,  reader,  orator,  rhetor 

f^    /     I    ruined,  renewed 

impatient,  impassioned 


•"1         ^\^       indefinite,  undefined 

unavoidable,  inevitable 


V 
< 


This  list  might  be  greatly  extended,  but  space  will 
not  permit  it  here  ;  from  the  examples  given,  the  stu- 
dent will  learn  what  form  to  give  each  word,  where 
different  outlines  are  required  for  words  that  might  be 
misread  if  written  alike.  Quite  an  extensive  list  of 
words,  two  or  more  of  them  having  the  same  outline, 
necessarily,  are  distinguished  by  position;  of  which  take 
the  following:  piety,1  pity,2  opposition,1  position,* 
possession;3  prescription,1  proscription3,  &c. 


118                         MANUAL   OP   PHONOGRAPH  Y. 

ALL  THE  WORD-SIGNS   ALPHABETICALLY  ARRANGED. 

Those  marked  with  a  *  are  written  above  the  line. 

.    A 

1    dear 

~*~^  in* 

c~   according* 

c  difficulty 

o    is* 

-»  account 

1    do 

1  it 

/      advantage 

J    done 

—  common* 

V.    after 

)    establish-*^ 

•  —  x  language 

—  3  again 

1  every 

>    Lord* 

N     all* 

0  first 

\  member 

f      alone 

V^  for 

^^  might* 

1     already* 

^  from 

c  —  -more 

.     an,  and 

^full 

<?~^  Mr.* 

/  are 

(/    general-ly 

'~x  my,  me* 

o    aa 

(/    gentleman 

•^   nature 

\  be 

</    gentlemen* 

^^s  no 

\  been 

—  give-n* 

*^s  nor* 

"    beyond* 

-  God* 

^  not* 

i    but 

—  good 

\  object 

«^—  call* 

c—  great 

\)  objection 

<=--•  called* 

V.  have 

N     of* 

—  =,  can 

^~~^  him 

I     oh,  before 

—*  cannot* 

A    how 

/  on* 

c  —  care 

v    I* 

c_^  one 

"  child* 

"""*  immediate-ly* 

^—^  opinion* 

come,  common* 

"     "  importan*e* 

°\   opportunity 

—   could 

^  —  ^  improve-ment 

i    or* 

ALL   THE   WORD-SIGNS.                                119 

'  ought* 

j    their,  there 

c    were 

*\    particular* 

-—  '  thing* 

3     vhat* 

Vo  Phonography 

(     think 

"^^  —  'when* 

_S  pleasure 

C    this 

</  where 

\  principj^-'y 

(    thought* 

/  which 

—   quite* 

)   three 

u    while 

&    N  remark* 

\     to 

x    who 

'\  remember 

| 

together 

L    why* 

J  shall  -t 

P   told 

r  win 

-?   short* 

"    toward 

c   with* 

/    should 

1    truth 

(    without 

)    so 

I 

\    two 

<^  wont 

°\   spirit* 

^  'under 

^    word 

\  subject 

\  up 

</    world 

^  subjection 

\  upon 

5    would 

-/  sure 

.X  usual 

v/     ye* 

f     tell,  till 

)    was 

u    yet 

(    that* 

1  way   ' 

A    you 

'     the* 

c    we* 

f~  your 

(    them 

<Twell 

6     yours 

^   then 

c_x  went* 

On  the  following  page  is  a  different  class  of  word-- 

signs, their  signification  being  indicated  by  the  position 

in  which  the  sign  is  written  to  the  line.    Three  positions 

are  recognized  :  on  the  line,  above  the  line,  and  through 

or  below  the  line.     In  the  table  the  line  of  writing  is 

suggested  by  a  dotted  line,  which  will  guide  the  learner 

as  to  where  the  word  should  be  written. 

120                          MANUAL   OP   PHONOGRAPHY. 

-f=-   Allow 

-*^\-  however 

..„_    perfect 

v-—-^  another 

.Sr.   if 

"•"C    practicable 

"  any 

-4-  itself 

-.  .:.    read 

...1_    at 

~~*    kind 

s 

1 

.J.  .    see 

.r>y..  away 

-/--  large 

._/..    than 

\     by 

^  —  s    may 

..Z..    thank 

[     different 

me,  my 

(       thee 

,J      Doctor 

mind 

(,      these 

—  J—   down 

--/-..  much 
"      "^  neither 

--^--    those 

--}--    during 

^Xij-  number 

tnougn 

.„..    each 

..o._  other 

•y-~    through 

../..    either 

ought 

1       time 

j^     ever 

j  ~     US 

-^Y_  our 

.\^..    few 

—  "X-  ours 

—)--    use  (verb) 

-f-   had 

^^-.   ourselves 

~$^~    value 

•X\  kappy 

I  —  out 

•-\^--    view 

hear,  here 

own 

C^^    will  (noun) 

CONTRACTED   WORDS. 


121 


CONTRACTED   WORDS. 

In  addition  to  the  word-signs  that  have  been  given, 
represented  by  the  alphabetic  signs,  simple  and  com- 
pound, a  list  of  contracted  words  is  given  below.  These 
are  abbreviated  by  giving  the  more  prominent  conso- 
nants that  would  be  employed  in  writing  the  word  iu 
full.  Words  having  a  *  affixed  are  written  above  the 
line. 


X^  acknowledge 

S  acknowledged 

because* 
L  doctrine 

^   especial-ly 

^  expensive 

~~\/  extraordinary 

extravagant 

forward 

highly* 

himself 
^.  imperfect 
^  imperfection 

importance* 
y.  impracticable 
T  inconsistent 


\   indispensable 
^-  individual* 
— ^  influence* 
<-    influential* 

[.  instruction 

I    interest 

u__  irregular 
~/  knowledge 

•manuscript 

myself* 

natural 

never 

nevertheless 
.  new 

next 

notwithstandin: 


11 


122 


MANUAL   OP   PHONOGRAPHY. 


\ peculiarity 

_"t   Phonetic  Society 
\S  Phonographer 
\s —  Phonographic 


V.   several 
^  something 

Spelling  Reform 

X. 
surprise 

J — \  transcript 

transgress 
understand 
understood 
universal 
United  States 
whenever 
whensoever 
wherever 
wheresoever 


/"""  regular 
/  S  represent 

/\|  represented 
/     O  representation 

^\     republic 

X^  respect 
/^  responsible 
— t-  satisfaction. 


In  the  complete  reporting  style,  the  list  of  contracted 
words  is  considerably  extended ;  but,  like  the  above, 
they  are  all  very  suggestive  to  the  reflective  student, 
and  when  met  with  in  correspondence  or  elsewhere, 
there  will  seldom  be  any  difficulty  in  determining -what 
they  are.  The  Reporter's  Manual,  advertised  at  the 
close  of  this  book,  contains  complete  lists  of  word- 
signs,  contracted  words,  phraseography,  &c.,  the  study 
of  which  will  be  essential  to  verbatim  reporting,  but 
unnecessary  for  ordinary  purposes  of  writing. 


PHRASEOGRAPHY.                                    123 

PHKASEOGRAP.HY. 

144.    Phraseography  consists  in  writing  two  or  more 
word-signs  together,  without  lifting  the  pen  ;  and  in  the 
reporting  style,  it  is  extended  to  the  writing  of  word- 
signs  with  words  written  in  full,  but  not  vocalized.     The 
first  sign  in  a  phrase  should  be  written  in  its  natural 
position,  while  those  that  follow  take  any  position  that 
most  facilitates  the  writing. 

/      ,all  which 

\       be  able  to 

'     """"*'  any  thing 

—  v       could  be 

~~^>      are  not 

could  not  be 

^v         as  far 

t 

j      do  not 

P                          n 

S^      as  far  as 

for  instance 

Q-O      as  good  as 

^\.  he  has  been 

<r°     as  great  as 

V        if  there  is 

as  it  has  been 
Q_Q      as  soon  as 

^-»    have  been 
1  am 

Qo       as  soon  as  possible 
6           as  well  as 

I  am  not 
1    I  do 

cK^—vat  the  same  time 

'J     1  do  not 

I      124                         MANUAL   OP   I 

HONOGRAPHY. 

^      I  do  not  think 

I  will  not 

J      I  did  not 

s^-f    may  as  well 

V_  I  have 

; 

-^^w      may  be% 

x*   I  have  been 

^~x      must  be 

\r,  I  have  done 

^-f.      must  have 

AO    I  have  not 

s~~&~j-  must  not 

^    if  it 

^.      no  doubt 

i                • 

;j    if  it  had  not 

x  —  °    of  course 

S:    if  it  were 

^^    on  account  of 

/    in  such 

L       ought  to  be 

*-    is  it  not 

/y      should  be 

b     it  is 

/t        should  have 

d_^  it  is  not 
b     it  would 

should  not 
o-.       so  as  to 

h    it  would  be 

c/~  *   such  as  can 

^  I  will 

^        that  is 

PHRASEOGRAPHY. 


125 


I/'  there  are 
\*  there  are  not 
7_-    there  would  not 

1 ,       there  would  not  have 
^      been 

\  think  that 

O  this  is 

\  to  be 

^  to  do 

^  to  have 

rvv  you  should  be 

r*f~~  you  will 

«^X  you  will  be  able  to 

r/^  you  will  not 

X.  we  have 

\__  we  have  pot         • 

V^  we  have  not  had 


we  were 
when  there  is 

whether  or  not 
£       which  would 
jf        which  would  not  be 
£        which  it  would  be 

/        which  it  would  have 
^~v        been 

P       will  not 
'  \      will  not  be 

<"        without  doubt 

/       with  which 
'       with  which  it 
o^    with  which  it  is  not 

r      who  are 
would  be 


^ 


would  not  be 


126  MANUAL   OP   PHONOGRAPHY. 

A  word  of  caution  is  necessary  against  a  too  extensive 
use  of  phraseography ;  it  should  never  be  allowed  to 
destroy  the  lineality  of  the  writing,  nor  make  difficult 
joinings.  In  either  case,  time  will  be  saved  by  remov- 
ing the  pen  from  the  paper,  and  commencing  afresh. 

In  phraseography,  ike,  or  some  other  unimportant 
word,  is  occasionally  omitted ;  as,  v — </  in  the  world; 
Vn  for  the  sake  of.  The  connective  word  and  is 
sometimes  written  in  connection  with  the  following 
word,  where  it  may  be  represented  by  a  small  horizontal 
stroke;  7  and  the,  -,  and  which. 

WRITING  EXERCISE  XXXVII. 

NOTE. — In  the  following  exercise  instead  of  repeating  the  initial  wordu 
of  phrases  every  time  they  are  to  be  written,  they  are  indicated  by  dashes; 
and  the  other  words  forming  a  phrase  arc  connected  by  hyphens. 

01.     81-hiz,  (91-z)  —  iz  lost,  —  hwiq,  —  dis,  —  dat-iz-sed, 

—  men,  —  da.r,  —  suq-tigz,  —  important. 

Ov.     Ov-it,    —  hwiq,   —  suq, az-qr,    —  me,  (raj,) 

—  mjn,  (men,)  —  dqr,    —  impertaus,  —  hiz,  — advantaj, 

—  dis  kjnd,  —  dat,  —  dem,  —  kors. 

On.     On-el, suq,  —  aksnt-ov,  —  mj,  —  us,  —  her, 

—  da_r,  —  hiz, sjd. 

Tu.     Tu-it,  —  do>,  —  be,  —  hav, bin, dun, 

—  sum-ekstent,  —  luv,  —  him,  —  dat,  —  meni. 

Ho>.  Hco-iz-dis,  —  wud, not,  —  ma, not, 

(marrt,)  —  kan,  —  no,  —  qr, not,  (qnrt.) 

Dud.  Dud-be,  —  not-be,  —  hav,  —  do>,  —  not-hav-sed, 
tigk-dat. 

$.  $-am,  —  ma,  —  am  not,  er  ma-not,  —  do>,  (had,) 

not,  (don't,  hadn't)  —  hav, not,  (wid  Inak,) bin, 

—  kan-not,  —  wil,  —  tigk,  —  Jal,  —  never,  —  ned, 

not-sa,  —  hop,  —  fer,  —  beg,  —  am-veri-sori-inded,  —  hop- 
yco-wil-not-hav-rezn-tu-regret,  —  l^v-no-dst. 

Hy.     Hs-kud,  —  kan,  —  iz  dis,  —  meni,  —  ma,  —  so- 
ever, m  mm 
Yo>.     YcD-Jud, not,  —  kiad,  —  kan,  —  ya>-rna,  —  wil, 

—  qr,  (r  up-stroke) not,  (qrn-t,)  —  must, be.serten. 


EXERCISE   ON   PHRASEOGRAPHY.  127 

We.    We- wer,   —  do>,  —  did,  —  hav, sen,  —  tigk, 

—  we  Jal,  —  qr,  (r  up-stroke,)  —  —  not,  —  f^nd. 
Wid.     Wid-it,  —  hwiq,  —  dis,  —  dat,  —  dem, 

qr-akwanted,  —  snq-az-qr.  m 

Wer.  Wer-da,  —  we,  —  dat.  Hwaj-iz,  (hwaj'z)  (r  up- 
stroke.) 

Hwot.  Hwot-iz,  —  wer,  —  wud,  —  doo,  —  if,  —  qr,  — 
kud-be, posfbli. 

Wud.  Wud-ya>,  —  be,  —  dco,  —  hav,  —  not,  —  not-hav- 
sed. 

B.  Be-sed,  —  abl-tu.  Bj-dis,  —  me,  —  meni,  —  sum- 
menz,  —  everi-menz,  —  sum-personz,  —  &aj. 

T.  It-iz, not, sed, scon,  ( the  last  two 

with  a  double  circle,) mj,  —  ma,  —  kan,  —  kiad,  — 

wud.  0t-tu-be.  At-suq,  —  prezent,  —  de-sam-tjm. 

D.     Do)-da,  —  not,  (  don't,) d*t. 

(3.     Hvvig-wud,  —  had,  —  kud,  --  kan,  —  haz, bin, 

—  iz-not,  —  qr, not,  —  ma,  —  mjt,  —  wil,  (cj-1.)    Hwig. 

it-iz, ma, wud, kud-not-hav. 

F.  If-dat,  —  yro,  —  da.r,  (  double-f  above  the  line.)  Fer- 
suq,  —  —  az-qr,  —  hwiq,  —  sum-tjrn,  —  dqj,  (double-f  on  the 
line.)  If-it-vver, be, iz, had. 

V.  Hav-yco,  —  bin,  —  had,  —  sed.  Veri-gud,  —  grat,  — 
sam,  —  serten,  —  wel,  —  scon,  —  mug.  Everi-pqrt,  —  wun, 

—  person,  —  man. 

R.     Kii)k-dat,  —  yco-qr, wil, ma. 

3..  Widst-dst,  —  hvviq,  —  euq.  oCat-it,  —  —  iz,  —  — 
haz-bin, woz,  —  qr, not,  —  iz-not, tu-be, 

—  haz,  —  hwiq.    <Ia-wer,  —  do>,  —  had,  —  hav,  —  ma.    cEis- 

tim,  —  da,  —  advantaj.     5^r-wud,  —  kan,  —  kud, 

not-hav-bin,  —  iz,  (haz,)  —  Jal,  —  wil,  —  qr, sum-per- 
sonz, —  ma. 

S.  So-az, tu,  —  it-semz,  —  veri,  —  litl,  —  mug,  — 

meni.  Suq-wud,  —  iz,  —  az, qr, ma, kan, 

kud, hav, woz, wil. 

Z.  Iz-it, not.  Az-it, wud, woz, 

ma, haz.  Az-gud,, az,  —  grat,  —  —  az,  —  fqr, 

az,  —  wel,  —  meni,  —  scon-az.  Iz-not;  haz-not. 

X.     Sal-be,  —  hav,  —  do>,  —  fjnd,  —  not. 

L.     Wil,  —  not,  —  be,  —  hav,  —  fjnd. 

B.     Rr-yro,   —  sumtjmz,  —  sori,  —  not;  —  yo>  qr  veri,  — 

—  trcoli. 

M.    Ma-be,  —  hav,  —  da,  —  az-wel,  —  konsider.    Mjt-hav, 

—  dis,  —  sem.     Must- be,  —  trj,  —  do>,  —  kum,  —  go,  —  se, 


128  MANUAL   OP   PHONOGRAPHY. 

—  not.       Most-hnpi,  ( mos'-hapi,)    -  -  Ijkli,    —  important. 
Meni-tjmz,  —  tigz,  —  mor,  —  ov-dera." 

N.  In-el,  —  konsekwens,  —  fakt,  —  dis,  —  suq,  —  meni- 
tigz, —  hiz.  Eni-wun,  —  tig,  —  bodi.  No-pq,rt,  —  dst,  — 
rezn,  —  mor,  —  —  tjm,  —  wun,  —  tig,  (in  full.)  N«-ser. 
Not,  —  be,  —  kwjt, < —  dat,  —  in,  —  onli,  —  n*,  —  non;  ued- 

not.    Nt»r-w§r,  —  iz-dis,  —  qr. 

« 

"WRITING  EXERCISE  XXXV. 

(In  phraseography,  and  containing  all  the  word-signs.) 
ON  IMPRflOVMENT. 

The  following,  in  the  construction  of  sentences,  for  the  employment  of 
all  the  word  signs,  was  furnished  for  the  early  edition  of  Phonography 
by  the  Rev.  John  Hope,  an  English  clergyman.  It  should  bo  written  and 
re-written,  until  every  word  can  be  put  upon  paper  without  hesitation. 
The  words  connected  by  hyphens  should  bo  written  as  phrases,  without 
lifting  the  pen. 

Establijments  fer-impro>vment  and  for  nolej  in-jeneral,  qr 
important  tigz  in  a  kigdom;  and  de  rnor  so  h\va,r  it-iz  yugqal 
Avid  dem  tu  aknolej  gud  prinsiplz.  d  Fonografik  establij- 
mentin  partiky\|,lar,  iz  an  imediat  advantaj  tu  evcri  jentlman 
er  qjld,  ho>  iz  a  member  ov-it,  and  tu  ol.  Akerdig  tu  jeneral 
opinyon,  Fonografi  iz  a  subjekt  we  kud,  and  Jud  hav  plegijr 
in;  widst  it,  laggwaj  iz-not  kwjt  hwot-it-jud-be — a  remqrk  in- 
h\vi<3-da.r-iz  grat  troot,  and  tu-hwiq  i-tigk  da.r-kan-be  no  cbjek- 
Jon.  Agen,  eve'ri  Avun  ho>  haz  tets  hwiq-q,r-dsr  tu-him,  er  im- 
portant tu-de  wurld,  iz  keld  upon  tu  kqr  fer-dem  and  imprcov 
dem,  tu-ds  ful,  hwen  he  haz  oportuniti.  Hs,  er  on  hwot  prin- 
sipl  kan  we  be  gud  widst  impra>vrnent.  Remember  dat  everi- 
ilig  iz  an  objekt  ov  impertans  dat  kumz  under  it;  and,  beyond 
ol,  dat-de  Ji|r  wurd  ov-de  Lord  God  woz  givn  fer-impro>vment. 
Xud  da.r-be  difikultiz  in-de-wa  ov-ycor  improovment,  and  ov-de 
subjekjon  ov-ycor  natyn,r  tu  Godz  trcot,  den  j  kol  upon  yoo, 
hwjl  yco-kan  improav,  tu-dco-so.  Qfter  hwot  j-hav  told-yoo  Sqr- 
da.r  yet  objekjonz  tu  it.  Wer  dqr,  an  aksnt  ov-dem  wud  elredi 
hav-bin  givn.  Grat  and  gud  tigz  kan-not  kum  tugeder  widst 
improovment.  But  Jud  j  be  told-dat  it  mjt  hav-bin  so,  from 
hwotj  no  ov-de  jeneral  spirit  ov  el,  j  tel-yoo  de  trcot  iz  az  j-hav 
givn  it,  ner  kan  ye  objekt  tu-it.  In  Jert,  jentlmen,  yo>  et  tu  es- 
tablij  it  az  ycor  ferst  prinsipl,  dat-yoo-wil-not-giv  up;  but  az  yco 
hav  oporti],niti,  hwj  not  doo-el  dat  kan-be-dun  toardz  imprcov- 
mentin  everi-tig  in-dis-wurld;  and  Jud  it-be-dun  wel,  yco-wil 
giv  ple3n,r  not  tu  me  alon,  but  tu  ol. 


AN   EXTENDED   ALPHABET.                            129 

*«»»»  3i,t 

fcftti 

LONG  VOWELS.                    SHORT  VOWELS. 

|  i 

9     earth,  E.;  le,  F. 

7 

i     ici,  F, 

' 

2 

'     a.,  e  fair,^.;  frere  F. 

8 

e    ete,  F. 

3 

:      a    pate,  F. 

9 

a,  a  ask,  E.;  patic,.F. 

1 

\ 

! 

1     4 

b     Kb'nig,  G. 

10 

o     Bb'cke,  G. 

5  ! 

eu   deux,  F. 

11 

1 

o     bonne,  F. 

6 

i      u     rue,  F. 

12 

I'", 

ii     Kiinste,  G. 

NASAL  VOWELS. 

CONSONANTS. 

13 

<z^s  in     fin,  F. 

17 

x_  ch  ich,G.;loch,S. 

1 

M 

L.^  en    en,  danse,.F. 

18 

.f-  gh  einig,  G. 

15 

^s  un    brun,  F. 

19 

3 

r     11   Llanelly,  W. 

16 

-^  on    bon,  F. 

20 

>\ 

~      y                                   T 

\  /'  r    amor,  /. 

In  the  introduction  to  this  work 

(See  pp.  15,  16,  17,) 

it  was  shown  that  an  accurate  analysis  of  the  English 

language  gave  forty-three  elementary  sounds,  including 

the    diphthongs    necessary    to    be 

regarded   as    simple 

sounds;   and  in  the  writing  exercises  of  the  phonotypic 

edition  this  number  of  sounds  are  represented,  although, 

on 

account  of  the  greater  simplicity  of  a  six-vowel  scale, 

|    three  vowels,  (e,  a.,  a,)  have  not  been  recognized  in  the 

5     phonographic  exercises. 

130  MANUAL   OP   PHONOGRAPHY. 

For  the  benefit  of  such  as  may  wish  to  be  as  precise 
in  the  representation  of  correct  pronunciation  in  their 
writing  as  it  is  advisable  to  be  in  printing,  three  addi- 
tional signs  for  the  English  language  are  provided  on 
the  preceding  page.  Suitable  signs  are  also  given  for* 
the  additional  sounds  used  in  the  French  and  German, 
&c.,  which  will  enable  those  who  understand  these 
languages  to  employ  Phonography  in  writing  them. 

Nos.  1,  2,  and  9,  will  be  recognized  as  English  by  the 
words  earth,  air,  ask.  No.  6  is  so  near  the  close  Eng- 
lish diphthong  u  in  dupe,  that  it  may  be  used  for  that 
sound,  leaving  the  sign  n  for  the  combination  yil  or  y(D. 
No.  11  is  very  near  the  New  England  o  in  stone,  whole, 
&c.,  and  may  be  used  by  them  for  its  representation. 

The  French  nasal  sounds,  represented  by  in,  en,  em, 
an,  un,  on,  and  heard  in  vin,  No.  13;  temps,  No.  14;  vn, 
No.  15;  pont,  No.  16,  are  pure  vowels,  but  pronounced 
through  the  nose,  as  well  as  through  the  mouth.  Temps, 
for  instance,  contains  but  two  sounds,  namely,  t  and 
the  14th  nasal  vowel  (c,  d,  r,  s,  t,  when  terminating 
French  words,  are  generally  silent).  Enfant  contains 
but  three  sounds ;  namely,  the  consonant  /,  preceded 
and  followed  by  No.  14. 

The  Scotch  guttural  in  loch,  nicht,  etc.,  and  frequent, 
also,  in  German,  Welsh,  and  other  languages,  is  repre- 
sented by k,  with  a  wave  line  through  it.  The  vocal 

guttural1,   as  in  seig,  is  represented   by  the  same   sign 
thickened. 

The  Welsh  LI,  which  is  the  whispered  form  of  the 
English  I  is  represented  by  /"""  with  a  wave  line  struck 
through  it.  This  sound  is  produced  by  placing  the 
tongue  in  the  position  for  uttering  the  English  l}  but 
emitting  breath  instead  of  voice. 


DECLARATION  OP  INDEPENDENCE. 


131 


(Passed    July  4th,    1776.) 


_  v 


v    /  (• 

J       V    ^5     .     U 

/  I*  *   _  D      /  . 

v  /  i_     '    /-^ 

e  /•    0  f 

V  C  T,  \  °-Vv  5 


/  Oy. 

I  >    *o 


I?') 


/  \       c-v  >              (   <5^\    N 

/N     \-^      V  '<LV      —  ^>  ;             V. 

Ad 

—  crv          V  I*        \      /.                    I      • 

X0^>    ^\  o  *T               VQ      ^  ^     b 


132 


MANUAL   OF   PHONOGRAPHY. 


•  C  a*       jo«  . 

\  9  ^x_P     .     ^   v/ 

A ,  I  )  I. ,  K  5-  X 

ft  I 


-A 


l'  x    /  . 


,  . 
\     • 


c 


\r  Ci/8"  *  —  i    \  ^V~-.  x   . 


DECLARATION   OP   INDEPENDENCE.  133      l|> 


vx 


,       .0   ~K      ^--x  —  =-].  \  ,J-  \  \  x      -o   /; 


".o 


.C   CU   v  X" 


134 


MANUAL   OF   PHONOGRAPHY. 


NA,  '      '  C 


/Jx 


\  - 


~N        .      I 


,  (P. 


x    -  .o  '*     C  i)     s  \    ) 

^^-V    \  x^> 


^1 


DECLARATION7   OP    INDEPENDENCE. 


135 


i 

/7x 


Lo 


v- 


v\ 


L 


3* 


x 


136 


MANUAL   OP   PHONOGRAPHY. 


.^\   \ 

V 


.T  .  % 


<_    (o  \ 

>-      V.0 


.      [3 


JA, 


vx  •/, 


DECLARATION  OP  INDEPENDENCE.        137 


iv    o  V-AL 

^  .  U  9 

3/x  ^  ^c 

y-  (  ^  '  N  '  9 


\ 


x  X  >  x  ) 

\  •  t  ^ 


,  . 

c 


X)    'S    X 


,  s ,  .   >    o   s   N     v 

tc~r^-p  /, . x  ,^1  L  ,  ^\ 


138 


MANUAL   OP   PHONOGRAPHY. 


r*X 

J. 


i  *  ..  y  J*  i 

\ 


.    x 


139  MANUAL   OP   PHONOGRAPHY. 

Jlnurto 

President — BENN  PITMAN,  Cincinnati,  0. 
Secretary — ELIAS  LONGLEY,          " 
Treasurer — R.  P.  PROSSEE,  ". 

The  object  of  the  Association  is  the  union  and  cooperation  of  the 
friends  of  Phonetic  writing  and  printing  in  the  United  States  and  the 
Canadas.  The  members  are  divided  into  the  following  classes: — 

Class  1.  Phonographers  who  teach  the  arts  professionally  or  privately, 
who  can  not,  on  account  of  other  duties,  attend  to  the  gratuitous  correc- 
tion of  exercises  of  learners  through  the  post,  but  who  are  willing  to  an- 
swer letters  of  inquiry,  or  letters  of  Phonographers  soliciting  advice  or 
information  on  matters  connected  with  Phonography  or  Phonetics. 

Class  2.  Phonographers  who  generously  volunteer  to  correct  the  exer- 
cises of  learners,  through  the  post. 

Class  3.  Phonographers  who  do  their  utmost  to  spread  a  knowledge  of 
the  Phonetic  arts  in  private,  but  who  are  prevented  by  other  duties  from 
answering  letters,  or  attending  to  the  correction  of  exercises. 

Class  4.     Phoneticians  who  do  not  write  Phonography. 

Class  5.     Honorary  members. 

Phonographers  of  either  class  who  write  at  the  rate  of  100  or  more 
words  per  minute,  are  indicated,  in  the  list  of  members,  by  the  letter  K, 
(Reporter.) 

Phonographers  who  wish  to  cultivate  a  correspondence  with  members 
of  kindred  sentiments,  are  indicated  by  the  letter  C,  (Correspondent.) 

Conductors  of  and  contributors  to  Ever-Circulating  Magazines,  are  in- 
dicated by  the  letters  E  C,  (Ever-Circulator.) 

Honorary  members  are  indicated  by  the  *. 

Phonographers  under  sixteen  years  of  age  are  indicated  by  the  letter 
J,  (Junior.) 

A  President,  Council  and  other  Officers  are  elected  annually  by  the 
members  of  the  Association. 

The  Council  consists  of  fifty  (inclusive  of  the  Officers,)  of  those  who 
are  regarded  as  the  most  intelligent,  earnest,  and  reliable  American  Pho- 
nographers and  Phoneticians,  to  whom  are  submitted  all  matters  of 
theory  and  practice  on  which  an  intelligent  opinion  may  be  desired,  but 
on  which  the  opinions  of  Phonographers  might  be  divided. 

Persons  of  learning  and  distinction  who  favor  the  Phonetic  principle 
may  become  Honorary  members  by  the  concurrence  of  any  six  members 
of  the  Council. 

Phonographers  in  the  United  States  and  the  Canadas,  and  writers  of 
Phonetic  longhand,  are  eligible  to  membership  on  making  a  written  ap- 
plication. Subscription  of  funds,  voluntary.  Membership  renewed 
annually. 

Persons  wishing  to  become  members  should  address  the  Secretary, 
stating  occupation  or  profession,  and  naming  the  Class  in  which  they 
wish  to  be  enrolled. 

iSfTho  Constitution  and  Annual  List  of  Members,  in  pamphlet  form, 
may  be  obtained  by  addressing  the  Secretary  and  enclosing  lOcts. 


L8HGUEY 

Room  8,  N,  W.  Corner  Fourtli  &  Race  Sts.,  Cincinnati,  0. 

TEN  years'  experience  in  the  Phonographic  art,  as  Teacher  and  Re- 
porter, and  for  nearly  the  same  period  occupied,  more  or  less,  in  preparing 
books  for  the  press,  give  the  author  of  the  AMERICAN  MANUAL  OF 
PHONOGRAPHY  the  fullest  assurance  in  presenting  this  work  to  the 
public.  Since  its  first  publication,  it  has  undergone  careful  revision,  and 
now  appears  in  an  entirely  new  dress,  in  every  way  adapted  to  the  wants 
of  the  teacher  and  private  learner.  It  differs  from  any  other  work  pub- 
lished, in  the  following  particulars: 

1.  The  explanatory  matter  is  in  large,  clear  type. 

2.  The  Phonographic  Exercises  are  engraved  in  a  bold,  distinct  style, 
that  they  may  be  as  easily  read  by  candlelight  as  daylight. 

3.  The  Reading  and  Writing  Exercises  are  introduced  just  where  the 
text  requires  them,  whether  it  be  on  the  same  page  or  the  opposite  one. 

4.  The  Exercises  to  be  written  are  printed  in  phonetic  spelling,  which, 
being   fully  explained,  enables  the  learner  to  analyze  accurately,  and 
vocalize  his  writing  correctly — two  essentials  to  rapid  progress  and  the 
attainment  of  a  good  style. 

5.  Each  lesson  is  closed  with  a  review  in  the  form  of  questions,  which, 
as  in  all  other  text  books  on  science,  proves  of  great  service  to  both  learner 
and  teacher. 

6.  It  contains  more  extensive  lists  of  Contracted  Words,  and  more 
Phraseography  than  any  other  work. 

7.  Beside  the  above  characteristic  features,  the  AMERICAN  MANUAL 
possesses  all  the  late  improvements  in  Phonography,  including  the  adapta- 
tion of  the  art  to  the  writing  of  foreign  languages. 

8.  The  AMERICAN  MANUAL  is  one-fourth  larger  than  works  of  the  kind 
usually  are,  more  space  being  devoted  to  an  exposition  of  the  philosophy 
of  the  system,  f«r  the  purpose  of  satisfying  the  student  in  regard  to  the 
necessity  of  the  various  contractions,  etc.    It  is  printed  on  the  very  best 
of  paper,  and  is  substantially  and  elegantly  bound. 

PBICES:— Single  copies,  in  paper  covers,  40  cts,   postage  4  ct«« 
in  boards, 


45  cts. 

in  cloth.  50  cts. 

in  black  sheep,    75  cts, 


Sets. 
8  cts. 
Sets. 


Three  to  10  copies  at  one-fourth  less;    12  to  20  at  one-third  less. 


PHONETIC  PUBLICATIONS 

ISSUED  AND  SOLD  BY  ELIAS  LONGLEY, 

AT  WARREN  KENNEDY'S,  160  VINE  STREET, 

CINCINNATI,   O. 


THE  WRITING  AND  SPELLING  REFORMS  have  been  instituted  to 
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PHONOTYPY  is  a  rational  system  of  spelling  words  as  they  are  pro- 
nounced, by  employing  an  enlarged  alphabet  containing  a  separate  letter 
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the  time  required  in  the  old  way. 

PHONOGRAPHY  is  a  truly  philosophical  method  of  writing  the  English 
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Geographical  and  Scriptural  Names.  §3.50 — S4.00. 

Pronouncing  Medical  Lexicon,  the   pronunciation 

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Journal   of  Progress — in  Education,    Social   and 

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Issued  twice  a  month,  at  $1.00  a  year  in  advances ;  in  clubs  of  four  or 
more,  at  75  cents  each.  Conducted  by  ELIAS  LOXGLEY. 
The  JOURNAL  id  designed  to  present  its  readers  with  a  faithful  record 
of  the  Educational,  Social,  and  Political  conditions  of  the  American  Peo- 
ple ;  and  also  to  keep  them  posted  in  regard  to  the  various  discoveries 
and  improvements  in  the  arts  and  sciences.  Its  constant  endeavor  will 
be  to  point  out  the  means  of  sound  Progress  and  Improvement,  in  all 
that  relates  to  man's  physical  and  intellectual  welfare. 


PHOISTOGKRAPHIC  WORKS. 

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to  distribute  in  an  audience.    1 — 2  cents ;  by  the  hundred,  50 — 60  cents. 

American  Manual  of  Phonography  |  the  most  com- 
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sistance of  an  oral  teacher.  By  ELIAS  LONGLEY.  In  paper,  45 — SOcts.; 
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This  instruction  book  differs  from  any  other  work  of  the  kind  in  this 
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printing  alphabet,  and  its  exercises  for  writing  are  printed  phonetically, 
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also. 

Phonographic  Eeader ;  a  series  of  progressive  read- 

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PHONETIC   PUBLICATIONS. 


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nection with  it,  twice  a  month ;  or,  by  itself,  eight  pages  monthly ;  at 
SI. 00  a  year.  Conducted  by  ELIAS  LONGLEY. 

One-fourth  of  each  number  is  written  in  the  simplest  style,  fully  vocalized ; 
and  one-fourth  in  the  briefest  reporting  style ; — when  stitched  with  the 
JOURNAL  OP  PROGRESS,  each  of  these  pages  will  be  faced  with  a  print- 
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